Table 4.
Bivariate and multivariable Cox regression proportional hazards regression analysis of predictors of tuberculosis incidence among HIV-infected children at Adama Referral Hospital and Medical College
| Variables | Survival status, n (%) |
cHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Censored | Event | ||||
| Age (yr) | |||||
| ≤5 | 171 (39.9) | 12 (2.8) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.24) | 0.78 (0.92, 1.44) | 0.61 |
| 6-10 | 129 (30.1) | 24 (5.6) | 0.29 (0.16, 0.50) | 1.53 (0.80, 1.72) | 0.57 |
| ≥11 | 61 (14.2) | 31 (7.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 237 (55.4) | 56 (13.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Rural | 124 (29.0) | 11 (2.6) | 0.40 (0.21, 0.76) | 0.84 (0.27, 2.55) | 0.78 |
| Family size (n) | |||||
| ≤2 | 77 (18.0) | 7 (1.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| 3-4 | 202 (47.2) | 40 (9.3) | 2.41 (1.07, 5.39) | 2.74 (0.72, 10.44) | 0.14 |
| ≥5 | 82 (19.1) | 20 (4.7) | 2.37 (1.00, 5.62) | 2.36 (0.54, 10.15) | 0.25 |
| Functional status | |||||
| Working | 113 (26.4) | 10 (2.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Ambulatory | 91 (5.6) | 43 (10.0) | 3.35 (1.68, 6.67) | 1.02 (0.39, 2.68) | 0.95 |
| Bedridden | 8 (1.9) | 5 (1.2) | 5.82 (1.98, 17.05) | 3.01 (0.51, 17.71) | 0.22 |
| WHO clinical staging | |||||
| I or II | 202 (47.2) | 35 (8.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| III or IV | 159 (37.1) | 32 (7.5) | 1.35 (0.83, 2.19) | 1.30 (0.67, 2.51) | 0.43 |
| Hemoglobin level (g/dL) | |||||
| <10 | 239 (60.0) | 59 (13.1) | 3.48 (1.66, 7.29) | 7.04 (1.03, 48.15) | 0.04 |
| ≥10 | 122 (24.3) | 8 (2.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Cotrimoxazole preventive therapy | |||||
| Yes | 303 (70.8) | 36 (8.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| No | 10 (2.3) | 13 (3.0) | 6.00 (3.17, 11.36) | 2.41 (1.07, 5.45) | 0.03 |
| Isoniazid preventive therapy | |||||
| Yes | 149 (34.8) | 5 (1.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| No | 164 (38.3) | 44 (10.3) | 8.48 (3.36, 21.44) | 8.23 (2.11, 32.06) | 0.002 |
| BCG vaccination status | |||||
| Vaccinated | 211 (49.3) | 15 (3.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Not vaccinated | 86 (20.1) | 48 (11.2) | 6.70 (3.74, 11.98) | 3.73 (1.59, 8.76) | 0.002 |
| Underweight (WFA) | |||||
| Normal | 290 (67.7) | 26 (6.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Moderate underweight | 49 (11.4) | 37 (8.6) | 7.50 (4.52, 12.45) | 5.19 (1.89, 14.21) | 0.001 |
| Severe underweight | 22 (5.1) | 4 (0.9) | 3.52 (1.22, 10.12) | 1.34 (0.00, ...)1 | 1.00 |
| Wasting (WFH) | |||||
| Normal | 303 (70.8) | 52 (12.1) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Moderate wasting | 39 (6.4) | 14 (3.3) | 2.32 (1.23, 4.04) | 2.86 (1.02, 7.99) | 0.04 |
| Severe wasting | 19 (4.4) | 1 (0.2) | 0.31 (0.04, 2.29) | 2.39 (0.22, 25.19) | 0.47 |
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; cHR, crude hazard ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; WHO, World Health Organization; BCG, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin; WFA, weight for age; WFH, weight for height.
1
The lower boundary is zero and the upper is not given by analysis.