Figure 3.

Human Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Remain Unaltered with NR Supplementation

(A) Mitochondrial respiration of permeabilized muscle fibers upon the addition of complex I and complex II substrates at baseline and after 3 weeks of supplementation of NR and the placebo. MG, malate and glutamate; D, ADP; S, succinate; c, cytochrome C; F, FCCP; Rot, rotenone. Data are normalized to muscle fiber weight.

(B) Mitochondrial respiration as per (A), but with the prior addition of the fatty acid conjugate octanoyl-carnitine to malate (MOct).

(C) Citrate synthase (CS) activity in human skeletal muscle at baseline and after NR and the placebo.

(D) Relative PCR expression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to nuclear DNA (nDNA) at baseline and after NR and the placebo, expressed as arbitrary units.

(E) Western blot showing the expression of selected mitochondrial proteins in skeletal muscle lysates compared to β-actin as housekeeping protein.

(F) Western blot showing the expression of acetylation proteins in skeletal muscle lysates compared to β-actin as housekeeping protein.

Data are obtained from 12 participants at each phase and wherever relevant are presented as mean ± SEM. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The absence of significance symbols indicates a lack of statistical significance.