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. 2019 Aug 20;9:12132. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48430-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The HPLC profile of the components in GHE was monitored at 265 nm and compared with that of nine standard compounds. (A) Structures of the nine components of GHE: 1, Gallic acid; 2, Protocatechuic acid; 3, Corilagin; 4, GN; 5, Ellagic acid; 6, Kaempferitrin; 7, Kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside; 8, Quercetin; 9, Kaempferol. (B) HPLC profile of 5 mg/mL GHE and standard compounds. Measurement of the antiviral activity of GHE components (100 μM) using neuraminidase inhibition assay. The influenza A viruses H1N1 (C), A/PR/8/34 (D), and H3N2 (E) were added to the indicated concentrations of GHE components. Fluorescence was measured using fluorescence spectrophotometry (excitation, 365 nm and emission, 415–445 nm). Bar graph (mean ± SEM) statistics were determined by three experiments’ data using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, ***P < 0.001; *P < 0.05, compared with the CON (GHE untreated) samples. GA, Gallic acid; PA, Protocatechuic acid, CA, Corilagin; GN, Geraniin; EA, Ellagic acid; KPT, Kaempferitrin; KP-7-O-R, Kaempferol 7-O-rhamnoside; QC, Quercetin; KP, Kaempferol.