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. 2019 Aug 20;9:12098. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48510-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Significant effective connectivity related to the subjective happiness score. (Left) Models analyzed by spectral dynamic causal modeling. Arrows indicate extrinsic (between-region) and inhibitory self (recurrent) connections in the amygdala (Amy) and precuneus (Prec). Yellow and white lines indicate the locations of the coupling parameters significantly and non-significantly associated with subjective happiness scores, respectively. Values represent standardized coupling parameters indicating the associations with subjective happiness scores. Note that positive intra-regional self-connectivity indicates inhibitory effects. (Right) Scatter plot of the adjusted coupling parameters of amygdala → precuneus connectivity and precuneus self-connectivity as functions of the subjective happiness scores. Effects of no interest (age, sex, full-scale intelligence quotient, and mean framewise displacement) were regressed out.