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. 2019 Aug 20;9:12094. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48580-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SM impedes the migration of human eSCs. (A–C) Human eSCs were scratched with a T200 tip and then incubated under 1 g or SM for the indicated times. (A) Cells were stained using the CytoPainter Cell Tracking Staining Kit and photographed. (B) The cell-free area was measured using ImageJ and change of cell-free area was calculated. (C) The number of migrated cells was counted using ImageJ. (D) The cells were incubated either under terrestrial gravity (1 g) or under SM for 36 h, lysed, and analyzed by western blotting. (E) Western blot images were analyzed using ImageJ to determine the relative protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (using tubulin as the internal control) and the relative phosphorylation of S33/37/T41-β-catenin (using β-catenin as the internal control). Abbreviations: simulated microgravity (SM). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, with paired t-tests performed as indicated. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 versus control at each indicated time.