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. 2019 Aug 20;9:12136. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48582-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) The experimental setup and a schematic showing the array of amorphous alloys and pure Pt and Pd mounted side by side in a non-conductive resin. Energy level diagram of tip and substrate (BMG) when: (b) there is no electrical contact between the tip and substrate; (c) tip and the substrate are connected electrically while a contact potential difference (V_CPD) is generated; and (d) an external electrical bias is applied to nullify V_CPD, which is the SKP potential (V_skp). E_v is the vacuum energy level, and E_F(t) and E_F(BMG) are Fermi levels of the tip and the BMG, respectively.