TABLE 8.
Model parameters and summaries of linear and polynomial regression analyses of SLS-Berlin sentence characteristics predicting response times for the subsample of older adults (> = 60 years).
|
Model parameters |
Model summary |
||||||
| Estimate | SE | t-value | p-value | adj. R2 | F-value | p-value | |
| Sentence ID | |||||||
| Linear | 52.8 | 15.4 | 3.44 | <0.001 | − | − | − |
| Quadratic | –1.54 | 0.46 | –3.37 | <0.01 | − | − | − |
| Cubic | 0.02 | 0.00 | 4.16 | <0.001 | 0.741/0.744* | 73.3 | <0.001 |
| Number of charactersa | |||||||
| Linear | –27.2 | 17.0 | –1.60 | 0.11 | − | − | − |
| Quadratic | 0.30 | 0.09 | 3.27 | <0.01 | 0.733/0.735* | 102.5 | <0.001 |
| Cubic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Number of syllables | |||||||
| Linear | –13.6 | 44.0 | –0.31 | 0.76 | − | − | − |
| Quadratic | 1.76 | 0.82 | 2.15 | <0.05 | 0.651/0.624* | 72.0 | <0.001 |
| Cubic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Number of words (>6 letters) | |||||||
| Linear | 546.2 | 359.2 | 1.52 | 0.13 | − | − | − |
| Quadratic | –55.4 | 33.7 | –1.64 | 0.10 | − | − | − |
| Cubic | 2.08 | 1.00 | 2.06 | <0.05 | 0.555/0.565* | 32.6 | <0.001 |
| Number of long wordsb | |||||||
| Linear | –102.5 | 182.6 | –0.56 | 0.58 | − | − | − |
| Quadratic | 40.6 | 20.1 | 2.02 | <0.05 | 0.375/0.376* | 23.5 | <0.001 |
| Cubic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Number of nouns | |||||||
| Linear | 320.1 | 63.6 | 5.03 | <0.001 | 0.243/0.244* | 25.3 | <0.001 |
| Quadratic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Cubic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Flesch | |||||||
| Linear | –0.56 | 2.01 | –0.28 | 0.78 | −0.012/−0.026* | 0.08 | 0.78 |
| Quadratic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Cubic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Complexity ratingsc | |||||||
| Linear | 57.0 | 419.8 | 0.14 | 0.89 | − | − | − |
| Quadratic | 190.1 | 84.6 | 2.25 | <0.05 | 0.776/0.779* | 133.0 | <0.001 |
| Cubic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Point of decisionc | |||||||
| Linear | –165.9 | 112.0 | –1.48 | 0.14 | − | − | − |
| Quadratic | 14.1 | 5.25 | 2.68 | <0.01 | 0.473/0.474* | 35.1 | <0.001 |
| Cubic | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
All models were checked for influential data points and outliers. aBest model fit after excluding influential cases (i.e., sentences 1 and 77) due to a Cook’s distance > 1 and high leverage. bBest model fit after excluding influential cases (i.e., sentence 77) due to a Cook’s distance > 1 and high leverage. cIn a prestudy 19 participants (different from the norm sample) rated the complexity (on a five-point scale ranging from one to five) and marked the point of semantic decision for all 77 sentences. *Adjusted R2 after cross-validation.