Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics, microvascular disease prevalence, and plasma PFAS concentration among 957 participants, a subset of participants enrolled in the DPP trial and DPPOS
| Characteristics | Overall (N = 957) | Lifestyle (n = 481) | Placebo (n = 476) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 332 (34.7) | 165 (34.3) | 167 (35.1) | |
| Female | 625 (65.3) | 316 (65.7) | 309 (64.9) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 552 (57.7) | 274 (57) | 278 (58.4) | |
| African American | 184 (19.2) | 94 (19.5) | 90 (18.9) | |
| Hispanic of any race | 179 (18.7) | 89 (18.5) | 90 (18.9) | |
| All other | 42 (4.4) | 24 (5) | 18 (3.8) | |
| Age, years | ||||
| <40 | 112 (11.7) | 66 (13.7) | 46 (9.7) | |
| 40–44 | 107 (11.2) | 58 (12.1) | 49 (10.3) | |
| 45–49 | 213 (22.3) | 93 (19.3) | 120 (25.2) | |
| 50–54 | 167 (17.5) | 75 (15.6) | 92 (19.3) | |
| 55–59 | 137 (14.3) | 70 (14.6) | 67 (14.1) | |
| 60–64 | 107 (11.2) | 57 (11.9) | 50 (10.5) | |
| ≥65 | 114 (11.9) | 62 (12.9) | 52 (10.9) | |
| BMI categories, kg/m2 | ||||
| <26 | 74 (7.7) | 37 (7.7) | 37 (7.8) | |
| 26 to <28 | 114 (11.9) | 55 (11.4) | 59 (12.4) | |
| 28 to <30 | 128 (13.4) | 72 (15.0) | 56 (11.8) | |
| 30 to <32 | 117 (12.2) | 55 (11.4) | 62 (13.0) | |
| 32 to <34 | 122 (12.7) | 56 (11.6) | 66 (13.9) | |
| 34 to <36 | 117 (12.2) | 65 (13.5) | 52 (10.9) | |
| 36 to <38 | 79 (8.3) | 45 (9.4) | 34 (7.1) | |
| 38 to <40 | 55 (5.7) | 25 (5.2) | 30 (6.3) | |
| 40 to <42 | 53 (5.5) | 23 (4.8) | 30 (6.3) | |
| ≥42 | 98 (10.2) | 48 (10.0) | 50 (10.5) | |
| Education | ||||
| <High school | 45 (4.7) | 19 (4) | 26 (5.5) | |
| High school/GED | 200 (20.9) | 100 (20.8) | 100 (21) | |
| College | 469 (49.0) | 238 (49.5) | 231 (48.5) | |
| Graduate school | 243 (25.4) | 124 (25.8) | 119 (25) | |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 544 (56.8) | 279 (58) | 265 (55.7) | |
| Former smoker | 356 (37.2) | 183 (38) | 173 (36.3) | |
| Current smoker | 57 (6.0) | 19 (4) | 38 (8) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/cohabitating | 647 (67.6) | 321 (66.7) | 326 (68.5) | |
| Single | 114 (11.9) | 61 (12.7) | 53 (11.1) | |
| Divorced/separated | 152 (15.9) | 76 (15.8) | 76 (16) | |
| Widowed | 44 (4.6) | 23 (4.8) | 21 (4.4) | |
| Annual household income | ||||
| <$20,000 | 121 (12.6) | 55 (11.4) | 66 (13.9) | |
| $20,000 to <$35,000 | 167 (17.5) | 90 (18.7) | 77 (16.2) | |
| $35,000 to <$50,000 | 194 (20.3) | 103 (21.4) | 91 (19.1) | |
| $50,000 to <$75,000 | 184 (19.2) | 95 (19.8) | 89 (18.7) | |
| >$75,000 | 214 (22.4) | 95 (19.8) | 119 (25) | |
| Refused to answer | 77 (8.0) | 43 (8.9) | 34 (7.1) | |
| Mother has diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 341 (35.6) | 176 (36.6) | 165 (34.7) | |
| No | 580 (60.6) | 290 (60.3) | 290 (60.9) | |
| Don’t know | 35 (3.7) | 14 (2.9) | 21 (4.4) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | |
| Father has diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 320 (33.4) | 172 (35.8) | 148 (31.1) | |
| No | 570 (59.6) | 281 (58.4) | 289 (60.7) | |
| Don’t know | 66 (6.9) | 27 (5.6) | 39 (8.2) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | |
| n/N (%) | n/N (%) | n/N (%) | ||
| Microvascular disease prevalence | ||||
| Any microvascular disease | 252/877 (28.7) | 111/441 (32.6) | 141/436 (32.3) | |
| Nephropathy | 110/871 (12.6) | 52/437 (11.9) | 58/434 (13.4) | |
| Retinopathy | 98/801 (12.2) | 43/395 (10.9) | 55/406 (13.5) | |
| Neuropathy | 88/713 (12.3) | 34/352 (9.7) | 54/361 (15.0) |
| <LOD, n (%) | GM (IQR) | GM (IQR) | GM (IQR) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline PFAS concentration (ng/mL) | ||||
| Sum PFAS | 0 | 38.43 (28.6) | 39.59 (30.10) | 37.30 (27.40) |
| PFOS | 0 | 26.38 (22.8) | 27.17 (23.50) | 25.60 (20.90) |
| n-PFOS | 0 | 18.42 (16.90) | 19.13 (17.10) | 17.74 (15.75) |
| Sm-PFOS | 0 | 7.32 (6.50) | 7.43 (6.40) | 7.21 (6.60) |
| Sm2-PFOS | 564 (58.9) | 0.13 (0.23) | 0.13 (0.23) | 0.14 (0.23) |
| PFOA | 0 | 4.82 (3.20) | 4.90 (3.12) | 4.74 (3.12) |
| n-PFOA | 0 | 4.29 (2.90) | 4.37 (2.80) | 4.21 (2.80) |
| Sb-PFOA | 159 (16.6) | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.44 (0.60) | 0.44 (0.50) |
| PFHxS | 1 (0.1) | 2.41 (2.40) | 2.51 (2.70) | 2.30 (2.0) |
| EtFOSAA | 32 (3.3) | 1.13 (1.50) | 1.14 (1.50) | 1.11 (1.40) |
| MeFOSAA | 29 (2.6) | 0.94 (1.10) | 0.95 (1.20) | 0.93 (1.20) |
| PFNA | 65 (6.8) | 0.53 (0.40) | 0.54 (0.40) | 0.52 (0.40) |
LOD was 0.1 ng/mL for all analytes. PFOS = n-PFOS + Sm-PFOS + Sm2-PFOS; PFOA = n-PFOA + Sb-PFOA. GM, geometric mean; IQR, interquartile range; n-PFOA, linear PFOA, n-PFOS, linear PFOS; Sm-PFOS, perfluoromethylheptane sulfonic acids.