Table 1.
Baseline physical and demographic characteristics by treatment group
| Glargine followed by metformin (n = 67) | Liraglutide with metformin (n = 68) | Metformin alone (n = 65) | Placebo (n = 67) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at randomization (years) | 53.5 ± 9.3 | 54.0 ± 8.1 | 55.2 ± 8.2 | 52.8 ± 10.0 | 0.49 |
| Sex | 0.04 | ||||
| Women | 23 (34.3) | 29 (42.6) | 37 (56.9) | 25 (37.3) | |
| Men | 44 (65.7) | 39 (57.4) | 28 (43.1) | 42 (62.7) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.66 | ||||
| White | 37 (55.2) | 40 (58.8) | 34 (52.3) | 30 (44.8) | |
| Black | 21 (31.3) | 20 (29.4) | 19 (29.2) | 21 (31.3) | |
| Hispanic (any) | 5 (7.5) | 6 (8.8) | 6 (9.2) | 11 (16.4) | |
| All other | 4 (6.0) | 2 (2.9) | 6 (9.2) | 5 (7.5) | |
| Glycemic group | 0.97 | ||||
| IGT | 50 (74.6) | 49 (72.1) | 49 (75.4) | 49 (73.1) | |
| Diabetes | 17 (25.4) | 19 (27.9) | 16 (24.6) | 18 (26.9) | |
| Weight (kg) | 104.4 ± 20.0 | 104.2 ± 21.0 | 98.1 ± 18.6 | 101.6 ± 19.3 | 0.23 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35.0 ± 5.9 | 35.6 ± 5.8 | 35.0 ± 5.1 | 34.4 ± 5.9 | 0.66 |
| HbA1c (mol/mmol) | 39.9 ± 3.6 | 38.6 ± 4.3 | 39.5 ± 4.3 | 39.1 ± 4.7 | 0.32 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.80 ± 0.33 | 5.69 ± 0.39 | 5.77 ± 0.40 | 5.73 ± 0.43 | 0.32 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.22 ± 0.74 | 6.11 ± 0.50 | 6.21 ± 0.67 | 6.08 ± 0.58 | 0.45 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 112.8 [32.2, 394.6] | 111.5 [37.3, 333.5] | 104.5 [37.7, 289.2] | 93.5 [31.2, 280.4] | 0.16 |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.69 | 1.25 ± 0.43 | 1.23 ± 0.42 | 1.16 ± 0.44 | 0.23 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 10.3 ± 2.4 | 9.9 ± 2.2 | 10.1 ± 2.4 | 10.1 ± 2.3 | 0.80 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127.7 ± 12.0 | 126.1 ± 13.3 | 127.1 ± 13.3 | 125.3 ± 14.6 | 0.74 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.7 ± 9.5 | 75.0 ± 9.3 | 77.8 ± 11.1 | 76.7 ± 11.4 | 0.19 |
| Hypertensive | 0.31 | ||||
| No | 17 (25.4) | 25 (36.8) | 16 (24.6) | 23 (34.3) | |
| Yes | 50 (74.6) | 43 (63.2) | 49 (75.4) | 44 (65.7) | |
| BP-lowering medication use | 0.43 | ||||
| No | 33 (49.3) | 34 (50.0) | 30 (46.2) | 40 (59.7) | |
| Yes | 34 (50.7) | 34 (50.0) | 35 (53.8) | 27 (40.3) | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.21 ± 0.96 | 4.39 ± 0.91 | 4.51 ± 0.94 | 4.26 ± 0.98 | 0.27 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.41 ± 0.77 | 2.56 ± 0.81 | 2.68 ± 0.81 | 2.42 ± 0.79 | 0.15 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.12 ± 0.24 | 1.15 ± 0.25 | 1.17 ± 0.30 | 1.15 ± 0.33 | 0.76 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.36 [0.58, 3.20] | 1.35 [0.58, 3.13] | 1.28 [0.50, 3.28] | 1.28 [0.45, 3.62] | 0.93 |
| Triglyeride/HDL ratio | 1.09 ± 0.47 | 1.05 ± 0.52 | 0.93 ± 0.71 | 0.93 ± 0.72 | 0.35 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.09 ± 0.92 | 3.23 ± 0.86 | 3.34 ± 0.90 | 3.11 ± 0.92 | 0.36 |
| Lipid-lowering medication use | 0.32 | ||||
| No | 36 (53.7) | 41 (60.3) | 45 (69.2) | 39 (58.2) | |
| Yes | 31 (46.3) | 27 (39.7) | 20 (30.8) | 28 (41.8) |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD for normally distributed variables, or geometric mean [95% CI] for nonnormally distributed variables. P values reflect a one-way ANOVA comparing continuous variables across groups or a χ2 test comparing distributions of categorical variables across groups. BP, blood pressure.