Simmons 2011.
| Methods | 4‐arm randomised controlled trial Location: Florida, USA Funding: James and Esther King Biomedical Research Program, Florida Department of Health Recruitment: Participants were recruited using a campus‐wide questionnaire at the University of South Florida |
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| Participants | Participants (n = 341) (Didactic intervention n = 85; 'Web‐Smoke' n = 85; Group intervention n = 86; 'Web‐nutrition' intervention n = 85) were college student smokers, English‐speaking, 18 – 24 years of age, and smoked 5+ cigarettes a week. Participants were 44.1% female, and mean age was 20.54 (SD = 2.0) years. 81.3% were white, 11.8% Hispanic. 70.9 % were daily smokers, mean CPD was 46.4 (SD = 40.6) | |
| Interventions | 1. Web‐delivered experiential tailored and interactive Internet intervention to increase motivation to quit smoking and reducing smoking, using cognitive dissonance theory as a model 2. In‐person, group‐based, experiential smoking intervention 3. Web‐based traditional didactic smoking intervention 4. Web‐based experiential nutrition intervention |
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| Outcomes | Intention to quit smoking and smoking status at 1 and 6 months following the intervention. Outcomes included 30‐day PPA, 7‐day PPA, motivation to quit, dissonance thermometer, risk perception questionnaire, smoking consequences questionnaire; decisional balance questionnaire, test of smoking knowledge, and comparable diet/nutrition measures. Self‐reported abstinence was biochemically verified using breath CO testing. Participants with CO < 10 ppm were classified as abstinent | |
| Notes | Web nutrition arm not included in meta‐analysis as it had no smoking content | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk | Participants were randomly assigned by an online random‐number generator |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Participants were randomly assigned by an online random‐number generator |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Attrition rates: 9% web‐based experiential smoking (Web‐Smoke); 11% web‐based experiential nutrition; 4% web‐based didactic smoking; 7% group‐based experiential smoking |