Figure 1.

GQ-11 increases anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in BMDM. (A) Fold change of Il-1β and Tnf-α after challenge with LPS. (B) Fold change of Il-10, Arg-1, and Tgf-b after LPS challenge. (C) Fold change of Il-1β and Tnf-α after IL-4 challenge. (D) Fold change of Il-10, Arg-1 and Tgf-b after IL-4 challenge. BMDM were pretreated for 24 h with vehicle (DMSO 0.01%), pioglitazone (PIO 10 μM), or GQ-11 (10 μM) and challenged with LPS (100 ng/mL) or IL-4 (20 ng/mL). mRNA expression of BMDM was quantified by qPCR. Negative controls [CTRL (−)] are represented by nontreated and nonchallenged cells. Positive controls [CTRL (+)] are represented by nontreated but challenged cells. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of biological triplicates. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA/Tukey's multiple comparison tests. *p < 0.05. ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; mRNA, messenger RNA; qPCR, quantitative PCR; SD, standard deviation; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.