Table 2.
Estimated mean and standard deviation for daily intake of total kilocalories, macronutrients, vitamins, and elements, from dietary sources only for mothers of cases and mothers of controls using the Food Frequency Questionnaire.
| Nutrients | Cases (n=55) | Controls (n=55) | DRI† | p-value¶ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Energy (Kcal) §§c | 2545 ± 1180 | 2218 ± 530 | ND | 0.071†† |
| Macronutrients | ||||
| Carbohydrates (g) §§a | 377 ± 267 | 292 ± 77 | 175 | 0.002†† |
| Protein (g) | 148 ± 57 | 159 ± 55 | 71 | 0.272 |
| Fat (g) | 41 ± 18 | 40 ± 16 | ND | 0.691 |
| Dietary Fiber (g) §§a | 34 ± 15 | 26 ± 8 | 28† | <0.001†† |
| Percent Carbohydrate (%) | 59 | 53 | ||
| Percent Protein (%) | 23 | 29 | ||
| Percent Fat (%) | 15 | 16 | ||
| Vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin A (µg)‡ §§b | 471 ± 211 | 406 ± 151 | 770 | 0.049 |
| Vitamin A1 (µg) §§c | 343 ± 183 | 293 ± 122 | ND | 0.065 |
| Thiamin (Vitamin B1) (mg) §§a | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.008 |
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) (mg) | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.615 |
| Niacin (Vitamin B3) (mg) §§c | 25 ± 12 | 21 ± 9 | 18 | 0.087†† |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.131 |
| Dietary Folate (Vitamin B9) (µg) §§a | 297 ± 125 | 242 ± 81 | 600 | 0.005†† |
| Vitamin D (µg) §§b | 4.8 ± 2.5 | 3.9 ± 2.0 | 15 | 0.023 |
| Vitamin C (mg) §§a | 205 ± 217 | 144 ± 110 | 85 | 0.013†† |
| Vitamin E (mg) §§b | 4.8 ± 2.0 | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 15 | 0.018†† |
| Elements | ||||
| Calcium (mg) §§a | 1017 ± 558 | 1377 ± 680 | 1000 | 0.001 |
| Copper (mg) §§a | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 1 | 0.010†† |
| Iron (mg) §§b | 18 ± 6 | 20 ± 8 | 27 | 0.048 |
| Magnesium (mg) §§c | 488 ± 185 | 433 ± 123 | 350 | 0.100†† |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1757 ± 557 | 1716 ± 505 | 700 | 0.687 |
| Potassium (mg) | 3135 ± 941 | 2946 ± 1128 | 4700† | 0.317†† |
| Sodium (mg) | 570 ± 186 | 530 ± 165 | 1500† | 0.247 |
| Zinc (mg) §§b | 17 ± 7 | 14 ± 5 | 11 | 0.036†† |
Dietary Reference Intakes for pregnant women aged 19–30 (Office of Dietary Supplements, no date). Values marked with † are Adequate Intakes (AI). All other values are the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and data not available is indicated as No Data (ND).
Reported as Retinol Activity Equivalent.
Percent total energy intake for carbohydrates, proteins, and fat estimated by 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates and proteins and 9 kcal/g for fat.
Reported p-value for comparison between cases and controls using a paired t-test unless indicated differently.
Reported p-value from a Wilcoxon Signed Rank test.
Meets criteria for False Discovery Rate test at q=0.05, q=0.10, and q=0.15.
Meets criteria for False Discovery Rate test at q=0.10 and q=0.15.
Meets criteria for False Discovery Rate test at q=0.15 and above.