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. 2019 Aug 21;9:12191. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48400-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A schematic representation of the actin microridge based on EM and immunolocalization analyses. The actin microridge is a laterally long protrusion (a). It consists of a branched network of actin with an underlying sub-protrusive zone of actin (magenta) and keratin (blue) (b). Occasionally, keratin filaments also enter the protrusion (b). The actin microridge protrusion itself consists of various molecules (c), many of which associate with branched networks. The sub-protrusive zone of the actin microridge resembles the sub-protrusive terminal web of brush border microvilli (d), which are protrusions made up of bundled actin with a terminal web of actin and keratin. On the other hand, the branched actin architecture of the microridge protrusion has similarities with the lamellipodial protrusion (e).