TABLE 2.

Kinematics and Kinetics at Foot Contact During Windmill Softball Pitching^a

Variable	Mean ± SD
Left knee flexion	19.18 ± 10.02
Normalized stride length	0.50 ± 0.10
Trunk flexion	13.28 ± 14.19
Trunk rotation	81.37 ± 14.89
Trunk lateral flexion	8.30 ± 10.20
Normalized shoulder flexion/extension	–0.21 ± 1.20
Normalized shoulder abduction/adduction	0.84 ± 0.95
Normalized shoulder rotation	0.02 ± 0.88
Center of mass (%), right to left	44.59 ± 6.16
Shoulder distraction/compression force	–4.67 ± 2.97
Upper extremity pain	0.34 ± 0.48

^aKnee flexion: (+) flexion, (–) extension; normalized stride length: % of body height; trunk flexion: (+) flexion, (–) extension; trunk rotation: 0° = facing forward to the catcher, 90° = rotated toward the pitching arm side; trunk lateral flexion: (+) toward pitching arm side, (–) toward glove arm side; normalized shoulder flexion/extension: (+) flexion, (–) extension; normalized shoulder abduction/adduction: (+) adduction, (–) abduction; normalized shoulder rotation: (+) internal rotation, (–) external rotation; center of mass (%), right to left: (>50%) left side, (<50%) right side; shoulder distraction/compression force: (+) compression, (–) distraction.