. 2019 Aug 21;17:90. doi: 10.1186/s12951-019-0524-9

Table 1.

Recently studied radionuclide delivery systems based on antibodies and antibody fragments

Radionuclide	Delivery system	Labeling	Application	Comments	Refs.
⁸⁹Z	Diabody	Chelation (DFO)	PET	Molecular imaging of CD4+ T cells throughout the body has implications for monitoring autoimmune disease and immunotherapy of cancer	[46]
⁸⁹Z	Diabody	Chelation (DFO)	PET	PET based detection of PSMA in prostatic tumor models	[48]
¹⁷⁷Lu	Nanobody	Chelation (DTPA)	RIT	¹⁷⁷Lu-DTPA-2Rs15d nanobody-based targeted radionuclide therapy in mice bearing small established HER2 positive tumors led to an almost complete blockade of tumor growth	[58]
⁶⁸Ga	Nanobody	Chelation (NOTA)	PET	The described agents were capable of highly specific accumulation in the tumor areas and reduced kidney retention comparing to the previously reported Nanobodies due to the removal of histidine tag. Overall the reported tracer proved to be safe in mouse toxicity and dosimetry studies and suggested for further clinical trials	[59]
¹⁷⁷Lu	Affibody ZHER_2:342	Chelation (maGGG and maGSG)	RIT	Successful targeting of HER2 positive microxenografts was confirmed by gamma-camera imaging, and the treatment extended survival in mice with high and low HER2 expressing tumors. However, overall mortality was caused by bone marrow toxicity	[67]
¹¹¹In	bsAbs	Chelation (DOTA)	SPECT, RIT	In a first-in-human Phase I study, anti-CEA with anti-HSG TF2 was evaluated in patients with colorectal cancer, with ¹¹¹In-IMP288 used in the imaging cycle and ¹⁷⁷Lu-IMP288 in the following therapy cycle	[73]
²¹³Bi	bsAbs	Chelation (DOTA)	RIT	The authors demonstrated the usage of Tri-Fab antibody which allowed pretargeting of radiolabeled hapten–peptide IMP-288. In vivo α-emitting hapten ²¹³Bi-IMP288 was shown to be at least as effective as β-emitting hapten ¹⁷⁷Lu-IMP288	[75]