Table 3.
Number and proportion of papers according to outcome predicted and approach to validation (for prediction studies only)
| Approach to validationb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome predicted | Total papersa | Validated | Independent data | Leave-P-out | k-fold cross-validation | Randomly selected subset | Otherb |
| Complications | 79 (46.7%) | 73 (92.4%) | 5 (6.85%) | 5 (6.85%) | 33 (45.2%) | 30 (41.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Mortality | 70 (41.4%) | 68 (97.1%) | 5 (7.35%) | 3 (4.41%) | 33 (48.5%) | 27 (39.7%) | 0 (0%) |
| Length of stay | 18 (10.7%) | 18 (100%) | 3 (16.7%) | 1 (5.56%) | 4 (22.2%) | 10 (55.6%) | 1 (5.6%) |
| Health improvement | 17 (10.1%) | 16 (94.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.25%) | 5 (31.2%) | 10 (56.2%) | 0 (0%) |
| Total (accounting for duplicates) | 169 | 161 (94.1%) | 10 (6.2%) | 8 (5%) | 71 (44.1%) | 71 (44.1%) | 1 (0.6%) |
aPapers can have more than one approach, so percentages may total more than 100
b“Other” techniques (number of studies): a comparison between ML and decisions made by clinicians (1)