Table 4.
Summary of the included studies reported risk factors in the meta-analysis
| Author | Year | Demographic factors | Risk behavior factors | Social factors | Comorbidity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kumar S [31] | 1990 | - | - | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Osorio RW [37] | 1994 |
Male Unmarried Unemployed |
Substance use |
Abstinence < 6months Rehabilitation |
Psychiatric disease |
| Gerhardt TC [38] | 1996 | - | - | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Tringali RA [39] | 1996 | - | - | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Foster PF [24] | 1997 | Family history of alcohol use | Substance use |
Abstinence < 6months Rehabilitation |
- |
| Lucey MR [45] | 1997 | Male | - | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Shakil AO [47] | 1997 | Male | - | - | - |
| Tang H [52] | 1998 | Male | - | - | - |
| Conjeevaram HS [53] | 1999 | Male | - | - | - |
| Newton SE [55] | 1999 | - | Substance use | - | - |
| Pageaux GP [18] | 1999 |
Male Unmarried Unemployed |
- | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Burra P [59] | 2000 |
Unmarried Family history of alcohol use |
Substance use Alcohol dependence |
Rehabilitation | - |
| Jain A [61] | 2000 | - | - |
Abstinence < 6months Rehabilitation |
- |
| Mackie J [15] | 2001 |
Male Unmarried Lack of social support Low SES Family history of alcohol use |
Smoking | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Jauhar S [14] | 2004 |
Male Unmarried Unemployed |
Substance use |
Abstinence < 6months Rehabilitation |
Psychiatric disease |
| Björnsson E [20] | 2005 | - | - | Rehabilitation | - |
| Cuadrado A [10] | 2005 | Male | - | - | |
| Hwang S [71] | 2006 | - | - | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Kelly M [72] | 2006 |
Unmarried Lack of social support Unemployed |
Substance use | Abstinence < 6months |
Psychiatric disease Depression |
| De Gottardi A [29] | 2007 |
Age < 50 years Male Unmarried Low SES Unemployed |
High HRAR | Abstinence < 6months | Psychiatric disease |
| Nickels M [75] | 2007 |
Age < 50 years Male |
Alcohol dependence | - | Depression |
| Pfitzmann R [8] | 2007 |
Age < 50 years Male Unmarried |
- | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Karim Z [81] | 2010 |
Age < 50 years Male Unmarried Low SES Unemployed |
Smoking Substance use |
Abstinence < 6months Rehabilitation |
Psychiatric disease |
| Hartl J [82] | 2011 | - | Smoking |
Abstinence < 6months Rehabilitation |
- |
| Addolorato G [85] | 2013 | - | - | Rehabilitation | - |
| Deruytter E [86] | 2013 |
Age < 50 years Male Unmarried Unemployed Family history of alcohol use |
Smoking Alcohol dependence |
- | Psychiatric disease |
| Kawaguchi Y [87] | 2013 | Male | High HRAR | - | - |
| Park YH [19] | 2013 | Male | - | Abstinence < 6months | - |
| Rice JP [88] | 2013 | Male | - | - | - |
| Rodrigue JR [89] | 2013 | Lack of social support | Smoking |
Abstinence < 6months Rehabilitation |
- |
| Egawa H [16] | 2014 |
Male Unmarried Lack of social support Unemployed |
Smoking High HRAR |
Abstinence < 6months | Psychiatric disease |
| Zhou M [28] | 2015 | - | High HRAR | - | - |
| Askgaard G [95] | 2016 |
Male Unmarried Unemployed Family history of alcohol use |
Smoking Alcohol dependence |
Abstinence < 6 months | Depression |
| Im GY [97] | 2016 |
Male Unmarried Family history of alcohol use |
Smoking | - | Psychiatric disease |
| Lee BP [99] | 2017 | Male | - | - | - |
| Onishi Y [100] | 2017 |
Age < 50 years Male |
- | - | - |
| Wigg AJ [101] | 2017 |
Male Unmarried Lack of social support Unemployed Family history of alcohol use |
Smoking Substance use |
Rehabilitation | Psychiatric disease |