Table 1. Baseline Sample Characteristicsa.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | P Value for SC vs WO | Participants, No. (%) | P Value for WO-P vs WO-Non-P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 2707) | Standard Care (n = 1349) | WO (n = 1358) | WO-P (n = 321) | WO-Non-P (n = 1037) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 72 (10) | 72 (10) | 72 (10) | .98 | 72 (9) | 73 (11) | .12 |
| Female | 1455 (53.7) | 739 (54.8) | 716 (52.7) | .28 | 175 (54.5) | 541 (52.2) | .46 |
| Marital status | .36 | ||||||
| Partnered | 1343 (49.6) | 677 (50.2) | 666 (49.0) | .57 | 163 (50.8) | 503 (48.5) | |
| Education | |||||||
| College degree or higher | 665 (24.6) | 329 (24.4) | 336 (24.7) | .95 | 79 (24.6) | 257 (24.8) | .99 |
| Some college | 869 (32.1) | 432 (32.0) | 437 (32.2) | 105 (32.7) | 332 (32.0) | ||
| High school or less | 1154 (42.6) | 579 (42.9) | 575 (42.3) | 137 (42.7) | 438 (42.2) | ||
| Median household income | |||||||
| <$50 000 | 1236 (45.7) | 616 (45.7) | 620 (45.7) | .99 | 145 (45.2) | 474 (45.7) | .76 |
| ≥$50 000 | 1452 (53.6) | 724 (53.7) | 728 (53.6) | 176 (54.8) | 553 (53.3) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 8 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | .24 | 1 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | .31 |
| Asian | 140 (5.2) | 59 (4.4) | 81 (6.0) | 16 (5.0) | 65 (6.3) | ||
| Black/African American | 375 (13.9) | 188 (13.9) | 187 (13.8) | 41 (12.8) | 146 (14.1) | ||
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 19 (0.7) | 6 (0.0) | 13 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 11 (1.0) | ||
| White | 2010 (74.3) | 1021 (75.7) | 989 (72.8) | 245 (76.3) | 744 (71.7) | ||
| Multirace/multiethnicity | 7 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.0) | ||
| Other/unknown | 148 (5.4) | 67 (5.0) | 81 (6.0) | 14 (4.4) | 67 (6.5) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 331 (12.2) | 162 (12.0) | 169 (12.4) | .85 | 43 (13.4) | 126 (12.2) | .002 |
| Former | 1868 (69.0) | 933 (69.2) | 935 (68.9) | 242 (75.4) | 693 (66.8) | ||
| Current | 481 (17.8) | 243 (18.0) | 238 (17.5) | 34 (10.6) | 204 (19.7) | ||
| Spirometry, most recent | |||||||
| No. | 2036 | 996 | 1040 | 269 | 771 | ||
| FEV1/FVC, mean (SD) | 55.1 (14.3) | 54.8 (14.7) | 55.4 (13.9) | .36 | 53.5 (13.9) | 56.0 (13.9) | .009 |
| FEV1% predicted, mean (SD) | 61.0 (22.5) | 60.0 (21.9) | 62.1 (23.1) | .05 | 59.3 (22.1) | 63.1 (23.3) | .02 |
| GOLD I, ≥80% | 406 (19.9) | 185 (18.6) | 221 (21.3) | .29 | 49 (18.2) | 172 (22.3) | .14 |
| GOLD II, 50% to <80% | 857 (42.1) | 417 (41.9) | 440 (42.3) | 109 (40.5) | 331 (42.9) | ||
| GOLD III, 30% to <50% | 563 (27.7) | 288 (28.9) | 275 (26.4) | 85 (31.6) | 190 (24.6) | ||
| GOLD IV, <30% | 131 (6.4) | 69 (6.9) | 62 (6.0) | 16 (5.9) | 46 (6.0) | ||
| Medications | |||||||
| Long-acting β-2 agonist | 1646 (60.8) | 846 (62.7) | 800 (58.9) | .04 | 212 (66.0) | 588 (56.7) | .01 |
| Long-acting anticholinergic | 1422 (52.5) | 702 (52.0) | 720 (53.0) | .58 | 198 (61.7) | 522 (50.3) | .002 |
| LAMA and ICS | 1244 (46.0) | 631 (46.8) | 613 (45.1) | .40 | 170 (53.0) | 443 (42.7) | .004 |
| LABA and ICS | 1641 (60.6) | 844 (62.6) | 797 (58.7) | .04 | 210 (65.4) | 587 (56.6) | .02 |
| Long-term systemic corticosteroids | 243 (9.0) | 131 (9.7) | 112 (8.2) | .19 | 31 (9.7) | 81 (7.8) | .36 |
| Oxygen use | 1059 (39.1) | 550 (40.8) | 509 (37.5) | .08 | 125 (38.9) | 384 (37.0) | .54 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 3.7 (2.3) | 3.7 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.3) | .38 | 3.4 (2.2) | 3.8 (2.3) | .009 |
| Heart failure | 805 (29.7) | 398 (29.5) | 407 (30.0) | .79 | 78 (24.3) | 329 (31.7) | .01 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 143 (5.3) | 70 (5.2) | 73 (5.4) | .83 | 14 (4.4) | 59 (5.7) | .36 |
| Type 1 or type 2 diabetes | 873 (32.2) | 456 (33.8) | 417 (30.7) | .08 | 100 (31.2) | 317 (30.6) | .84 |
| Depression | 741 (27.4) | 361 (26.8) | 380 (28.0) | .48 | 86 (26.8) | 294 (28.4) | .59 |
| Anxiety | 742 (27.4) | 383 (28.4) | 359 (26.4) | .25 | 80 (24.9) | 279 (26.9) | .48 |
| Chronic pain | 545 (20.1) | 273 (20.2) | 272 (20.0) | .89 | 63 (19.6) | 209 (20.2) | .84 |
| Health Care Use in Prior Year | |||||||
| All cause | |||||||
| Hospitalizations | 1437 (53.1) | 735 (54.5) | 702 (51.7) | .15 | 166 (51.7) | 536 (51.7) | .99 |
| Observation stays | 786 (29.0) | 394 (29.2) | 392 (28.9) | .85 | 84 (26.2) | 308 (29.7) | .22 |
| Emergency department visits | 2089 (77.2) | 1050 (77.8) | 1039 (76.5) | .41 | 229 (71.3) | 810 (78.1) | .01 |
| COPD-related | |||||||
| Hospitalizations | 1107 (40.9) | 568 (42.1) | 539 (39.7) | .16 | 134 (41.7) | 405 (39.1) | .43 |
| Observation stays | 480 (17.7) | 243 (18.0) | 237 (17.5) | .66 | 50 (15.6) | 187 (18.0) | .29 |
| Emergency department visits | 1531 (56.6) | 766 (56.8) | 765 (56.3) | .70 | 173 (53.9) | 592 (57.1) | .25 |
| Outpatient-treated COPD exacerbations | 1902 (70.3) | 966 (71.6) | 936 (68.9) | .13 | 246 (76.6) | 690 (66.5) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1%, forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration; FEV1/FVC, ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration over forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β-2 agonist; LAMA, long-acting anticholinergic; SC, standard care; WO, Walk On!; WO-P, Walk On! participants; WO-Non-P, Walk On! nonparticipants.
a
Baseline values were obtained in the 12 months before the cohort selection/randomization date; education and median household income were based on census data.