Figure 1.

Activation of c819 neurons by heat-inducible TrpA1 impairs 3 h ASM. Temperature-shift protocols are shown above each histogram. A, B, Flies were trained and tested for 2 min olfactory memory at 23°C (A) (n = 10–12) or at 28°C (B) (n = 8–15). C, There was no difference in 3 h MTM between experimental and control groups at 23°C (n = 8–11). D, Flies were prewarmed for 15 min and trained at 28°C, then immediately shifted to 23°C and tested 3 h after conditioning. The 3 h MTM was significantly impaired in the experimental group compared with the control group (n = 8–16). E, Flies were trained at 28°C, shifted immediately to 23°C, given a cold shock at 2 h, and then tested at 3 h. There was no difference in 3 h ARM between experimental and control groups (n = 8–10). F, At 2 h after a 28°C heat-induction during training, the 2 min cold-shock treatment administered impaired 3 h memory performance in the parental control flies, but not in c819>TrpA1 flies (n = 8–12). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. **p <0.01 analyzed by ANOVA. n.s., no significant difference.