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(a) Diagrammatic representation of the VFD with a pure copper rod inside the glass tube (20 mm O.D., 17.5 mm I.D.) spun at 7.5 k rpm and irradiated with a 5 ns-pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and 600 mJ, having a 8 mm-diameter beam, (b) confined mode of operation of the VFD, for 15 min, and (c) continuous flow mode of operation at a flow rate of water at 0.25 mL/min.
