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. 2014 Aug 13;34(33):10884–10891. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4795-13.2014

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Role of sano in taste perception. Aa, Ab, Ventral view of the anterior part of a third-instar sanoGal4/sanoGal4;10XUAS–IVS–mCD8::GFP/10XUAS–IVS-mCD8::GFP larva. Aa, Expression is observed in gustatory neurons: five neurons in the TO (box) and three neurons in the ventral pharyngeal sense organ (filled arrow). Expression is also present in few neurons along the body (open arrows). Scale bar, 50 μm. Ab, Detailed view of the expression in five neurons of the TO. Scale bar, 10 μm. Ac–Ae, Ventral view of the anterior part of a third-instar sanoGal4/+;10XUAS–IVS–mCD8::RFP/Gr66a–GFP larva. Ac, sanoGal4 drives expression of RFP in six neurons of the TO ganglion. Ad, Gr66a–GFP drives expression of GFP in four neurons of the TO ganglion (filled arrow) and in two adjacent neurons of the TO dorsolateral group (open arrow). Ae, sanoGal4 and Gr66a–GFP are coexpressed in four neurons of the TO ganglion (filled arrow). B, Behavioral responses of third-instar larvae to NaCl concentrations. The GPIs for indicated NaCl concentrations versus water were calculated. For each condition, 10 trials with 50 larvae were performed. Control lines (wild-type; sanoGal4/+), sano mutants (sanoGal4/sanoGal4; sanoGE12233/sanoGE12233; sanoGE15762/sanoGE15762), and the sano rescue line (sanoGal4/sanoGal4;UAS–sano/+) were used in this experiment. Each bar represents a mean ± SEM of GPI (n = 10). Asterisks above error bars indicate that results were significantly different (ANOVA, p < 0.05). C, Behavioral responses of third-instar larvae to attractive [100 mm sucrose (Suc) or 10 mm NaCl] or repulsive [10 mm caffeine (Caf), 10 mm quinine (Qui), or 300 mm NaCl] tastants. Control larvae (wild-type), sano mutant larvae (sanoGal4/sanoGal4), and larvae with impaired gustatory neurons (sanoGal4>TNT or Gr66aGal4>TNT) were tested. Each point represents the mean ± SEM of GPI obtained from 10 trials of 50 larvae. A Student's t test comparing with the theoretical value 0 was performed. Asterisks above error bars indicate that results were significantly different (p < 0.05).