Measurements of growth factors after spinal cord injury and TMT. ELISA analysis of the concentration of BDNF (A–C), NT-3 (D–F), and IGF-1 (G–I) in sham-operated animals (CTL), injured animals (SCI), and injured animals subjected to TMT (+TMT). TMT was initiated at 3 d after injury and maintained thereafter. All animals were killed at 3 weeks after injury and the serum, CSF, and spinal cord tissue at the epicenter region were obtained from each animal. Concentrations of all the three growth factors were measured in the serum (A, D, G), CSF (B, E, H), and spinal cord tissue (C, F, I) from 5 animals in each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis.