Table 1.

Dependence scales classified according to DSM-IV criteria

DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence	FTND	CDS-5	NDSS
1. Tolerance: (a) need increased amounts to get an effect (b) diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance	Not covered	Not covered	Smoke more to get an effect Smoke more than when first started
2. Withdrawal: (a) development of substance-specific syndrome due to cessation of substance and substance causes impairment in everyday functioning (b) substance is taken to relieve withdrawal	Indirectly covered: Cigarette after waking	Urge to smoke after period of abstinence	Experience craving after period of abstinence Smoke to relieve feelings of restlessness and irritability Smoke to prevent discomfort Feels out of control after period of not smoking
3. The substance is taken in larger amounts over a longer period of time then intended	Not covered	Not covered	Not covered
4. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down or control substance abuse	Not covered	Difficulty quitting	Controllability over smoking behavior
5. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects.	Not covered	Not covered (But covered in CDS-12 by item “I smoke all the time”)	Not covered
6. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or educed because of substance use	Not covered	Not covered (But covered in CDS-12 by item “Sometimes I drop everything to go out and buy cigarettes”)	Avoid non-smoking restaurants Avoid non-smoking friends Avoid airplanes because cannot smoke
7. Substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem caused or exacerbated by the substance.	Smoking when ill	Not covered (But covered in CDS-12 “I smoke despite the risks to my health”)	Not covered