Table 1.
DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence | FTND | CDS-5 | NDSS |
---|---|---|---|
1. Tolerance: (a) need increased amounts to get an effect (b) diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance | Not covered | Not covered | Smoke more to get an effect Smoke more than when first started |
2. Withdrawal: (a) development of substance-specific syndrome due to cessation of substance and substance causes impairment in everyday functioning (b) substance is taken to relieve withdrawal | Indirectly covered: Cigarette after waking | Urge to smoke after period of abstinence | Experience craving after period of abstinence Smoke to relieve feelings of restlessness and irritability Smoke to prevent discomfort Feels out of control after period of not smoking |
3. The substance is taken in larger amounts over a longer period of time then intended | Not covered | Not covered | Not covered |
4. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down or control substance abuse | Not covered | Difficulty quitting | Controllability over smoking behavior |
5. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects. | Not covered | Not covered (But covered in CDS-12 by item “I smoke all the time”) | Not covered |
6. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or educed because of substance use | Not covered | Not covered (But covered in CDS-12 by item “Sometimes I drop everything to go out and buy cigarettes”) | Avoid non-smoking restaurants Avoid non-smoking friends Avoid airplanes because cannot smoke |
7. Substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem caused or exacerbated by the substance. | Smoking when ill | Not covered (But covered in CDS-12 “I smoke despite the risks to my health”) | Not covered |