β modulation in the STN during WAKE and REM sleep movements. Time-frequency spectra of β filtered STN LFP in the period 5 s before and after movement initiation show β desynchronization during WAKE movements (A, WAKE) and increased β activity during REM sleep movements (C, REM) and NREM sleep movements (E, NREM). Time-frequency spectra show averaged S-transform values over all patients and all movements: WAKE, n = 30; REM, n = 113; NREM, n = 99. Right panels, Mean β activity as normalized to the 5 s period before movement initiation for WAKE (B), REM sleep (D), and NREM sleep (F). Pairwise comparison of β power before and after movement onset showed significant decrease during WAKE and increase during REM and NREM (horizontal line). B, D, F, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005. Time points for the first significant difference (defined as a difference >2 × SD) of β power compared with baseline are shown as additional time points on the x-axis (t*).