Table II.

Change in Outcome Variables with Confidence Intervals at 12 and 24 months for Participants in E-FLIP for Kids Intervention Study

Predictors		Outcome (change from baseline)
		Child BMI	Child BMI z-score	Child dietary intake (kcal)	Parent dietary intake (kcal)	Child-reported QOL	Parent-reported child QOL	Child HbA1c	Parent BMI
Treatment	Time (month)	Change from baseline: model-based estimatesa
Health education	12	1.11	−0.06	−142.80	−244.71	4.41	2.15	−0.16	−0.19
		(0.70, 1.51)	(−0.10, −0.02)	(−294.97, 9.36)	(−342.75, −146.67)	(1.73, 7.08)	(−0.66, 4.97)	(−0.22, −0.11)	(−0.66, 0.28)
	24	2.28	−0.09	−188.13	−276.92	5.72	3.99	−0.15	0.11
		(1.62, 2.94)	(−0.15, −0.02)	(−355.85, −20.40)	(−405.19, −148.65)	(3.08, 8.35)	(0.67, 7.31)	(−0.23, −0.07)	(−0.54, 0.76)
Parent only	12	1.25	−0.03	−160.18	−399.55	6.33	1.66	−0.05	−0.43
		(0.81, 1.69)	(−0.08, 0.01)	(−325.87, 5.51)	(−505.47, −293.64)	(3.43, 9.23)	(−1.41, 4.74)	(−0.11, 0.01)	(−0.94, 0.08)
	24	2.86	−0.01	−265.80	−323.99	4.48	1.06	−0.03	0.55
		(2.15, 3.56)	(−0.08, 0.06)	(−441.39, −90.22)	(−458.57, −189.41)	(1.70, 7.27)	(−2.44, 4.56)	(−0.10, 0.03)	(−0.13, 1.23)
Family based	12	1.41	−0.02	−157.13	−366.22	3.08	−0.15	−0.10	−0.69
		(0.98, 1.84)	(−0.06, 0.02)	(−316.84, 2.57)	(−468.11, −264.32)	(0.29, 5.88)	(−3.15, 2.85)	(−0.15, −0.04)	(−1.19, −0.20)
	24	2.91	−0.03	−281.72	−320.95	4.47	2.76	−0.13	−0.96
		(2.22, 3.60)	(−0.10, 0.04)	(−454.01, −109.43)	(−451.80, −190.11)	(1.75, 7.19)	(−0.67, 6.20)	(−0.20, −0.06)	(−1.63, −0.29)
Time × treatment p-value		.4522	.3349	.8040	.4081	.2096	.4332	.6701	.0042 b
Treatment p-value (if time interaction NS)		.3953	.3115	.8359	.3359	.6015	.5398	.0037 c
Covariate	Interaction	Change from baseline with covariates: interaction p-valuesd
Gender	Time × treatment × gender	0.7757	0.7225	0.5655	0.4543	0.0888	0.6260	0.5974	0.1951
	Treatment × gender	0.7008	0.8152	0.0588	0.6039	0.5006	0.6076	0.2255	0.2360
Adult BMIe	Time × treatment × adult BMI	0.2166	0.1293	0.2627	0.0177	0.3355	0.9128	0.6821
	Treatment × adult BMI	0.5702	0.2637	0.7038		0.1897	0.9102	0.0472
Child age	Time × treatment × child age	0.9607	0.9863	0.4747	0.6145	0.6886	0.6099	0.7288	0.0930
	Treatment × child age	0.7130	0.6164	0.6201	0.9316	0.0898	0.1386	0.2834	0.4768
Child race/ethnicity	Time × treatment × child race/ethnicity	0.0307	0.1618	0.8179	0.1925	0.8893	0.4149	0.8947	0.5153
	Treatment × child race/ethnicity		0.9629	0.0567	0.6526	0.1870	0.6349	0.7638	0.3856

Note. BMI = body mass index; HbA1c = health behaviors and child glycated hemoglobin; QOL = quality of life.

^aEstimates come from least square means, evaluated at average baseline value for the outcome. A negative value indicates a decrease from baseline and a positive value indicates an increase from baseline.

^bSubsequent significant pairwise comparisons (adjusted p < 0.05 using Tukey adjustment): FB versus PO at 24 months (p = .0059).

^cSubsequent significant pairwise comparisons (across time since no interaction, using Tukey adjustment).

^dIf the three-way interaction was not significant it was removed and the pairwise interactions with the covariate were examined.

^eCategorical BMI (obese and not obese).Bold and italics indicate p < .05