Temporal responses of cellular induction of autophagy-related proteins to high glucose (A) and inhibitory effects of chrysin on mesangial induction of autophagy-related proteins by AGE-BSA (B,C). Human renal mesangial cells were challenged for 3 days with 5.5 mM glucose, 5.5 mM glucose plus 27.5 mM mannitol as osmotic controls, 33 mM glucose or with 100 μg/mL AGE-BSA in the absence and presence of 1–20 μM chrysin. Cellular induction of beclin-1, LC3, Atg3, and Atg7 were measured by Western blot analysis with each of their primary antibodies. db/db mice were orally administrated with 10 mg/kg chrysin for 10 weeks. The renal tissue levels of beclin-1 and LC3 were also measured by Western blotting (D). The bar graphs (mean ± SEM, n = 3) in the right or bottom panels represent quantitative results obtained from a densitometer. β-Actin protein was used as an internal control. Values not sharing a letter are different at p < 0.05.