Figure 6.

Temporal activation of mTOR to high glucose (A), and inhibitory effects of chrysin on its activation in AGE-exposed human renal mesangial cells (HRMC, B) and diabetic kidneys (C). HRMC were challenged for 3 days with 5.5 mM glucose, 5.5 mM glucose plus 27.5 mM mannitol as osmotic controls, 33 mM glucose or 100 μg/mL AGE-BSA in the absence and presence of 1–20 μM chrysin (A,B). Diabetic mice were orally administrated with 10 mg/kg chrysin for 10 weeks (C). The mTOR phosphorylation in cells and kidney tissues was measured by Western blot analysis with a primary antibody against mTOR or phospho-mTOR. The bar graphs (mean ± SEM, n = 3) in the bottom panels represent quantitative results obtained from a densitometer. β-Actin protein was used as an internal control. Values not sharing a letter are different at p < 0.05.