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. 2019 Aug 22;10:3779. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11560-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — PLK1 activity alters Vasa and complex localization at the vegetal cortex and a model for AGS-dependent micromere formation. a PLK1 was localized over every spindle yet was depleted from the vegetal side of the 16-cell spindle (arrows). b membrane-mCherry-PLK1 mRNA (1 μg/μl stock) was co-injected with Vasa-GFP mRNA (1 μg/μl stock) and images were taken in live embryos. These embryos either formed no micromeres, or resulted in the formation of aberrant size and number (1–3 cells) of micromere-like cells at the 16-cell stage (arrows), whereas embryos with membrane-mCherry-PLK1-Kinase-Dead (PLK1-dead) or Vasa-GFP mRNA only showed no knockdown phenotype and formed micromeres with Vasa enrichment (arrowheads). For a–b, the representative phenotypes of 85% or larger in each population are shown (n = 100 or larger). c A working model for the molecular mechanisms of micromere formation and Vasa distribution in normal or Gαi/AGS perturbed embryos. Diagram shows a vegetal tier of blastomeres at 8–16 cell stage that is about to form the micromeres in this embryo. The amount of AGS on the centrosomes is significantly lower at this stage and omitted from this diagram. d A hypothetical model of molecular organization at the vegetal cortex. e A summary diagram of AGS-dependent asymmetric cell divisions. AGS-dependent asymmetric localization of cell fate factors enables a rapid lineage segregation and transition to the micromere specification pathway by pre-localizing organizer factors to the vegetal cortex during asymmetric cell divisions