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. 2019 Aug 22;9:12285. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48777-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TRPML1 knockdown blocked ML-SA1’s restriction of Tat-mediated LTR transactivation. (A) As shown in the representative immunoblots (GAPDH as loading control) and bar graph, U87MG cells stably transfected with TRPML1-shRNA exhibited decreased protein levels of TRPML1, when compared with cells stably transfected with control-shRNA (n = 3 experimental replicates, ***p < 0.001). (B) The degree of ML-SA1 (20 μM)-induced decreases in endolysosome pH was reduced in TRPML1 knockdown cells, when compared with cells stably transfected with control-shRNA (n = 27 cells from 3 experimental replicates, ***p < 0.001). (C) Intracellular calcium was measured with Fura-2 under calcium free condition. As shown in the representative calcium tracing and bar graph, the degree of ML-SA1 (20 μM)-induced increases in intracellular calcium levels was reduced in TRPML1 knockdown cells, when compared with cells stably transfected with control-shRNA (n = 16 cells from 2 experimental replicates, ***p < 0.001). (D) Compared with DMSO control, ML-SA1 (20 μM for 48 hr) restricted Tat-mediated LTR transactivation (in the presence of chloroquine) in U87MG cells stably transfected with control-shRNA. However, ML-SA1 (20 μM) failed to restrict Tat-mediated LTR transactivation (in the presence of chloroquine) in TRPML1 knockdown cells (n = 3 experimental replicates, *p < 0.05, ^NSp > 0.05).