Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of study participants
| PHIV+ (n = 384)a | HIV− (n = 95) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 12.0 (1.7) | 11.8 (1.6) | 0.28 |
| Female | 183 (47.7) | 51 (53.7) | 0.29 |
| Black African | 361 (94.0) | 95 (100) | 0.01 |
| Previous TB treatment | 234 (61.6) | 2 (2.2) | 0.00 |
| Hospital admissions in past 12 months | 8 (2.1) | 1 (1.1) | 1.00 |
| History of wheeze | 43 (11.2) | 6 (6.3) | 0.19 |
| History of asthma diagnosis | 49 (12.8) | 4 (4.4) | 0.03 |
| History of dyspnoea | 12 (3.1) | 2 (2.1) | 1.00 |
| History of cough | 52 (13.7) | 8 (8.6) | 0.23 |
| History of failing a grade at school | 219 (57.0) | 33 (34.7) | 0.00 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.1 (15.9 to 18.8) | 18.8 (16.6 to 21.5) | 0.00 |
| Height | 140.6 (10.4) | 144.6 (11.1) | 0.00 |
| Stunting | 101 (26.3) | 4 (4.2) | 0.00 |
| Puberty | |||
| Pre‐pubertal (Tanner stage 1) | 175 (46.4) | 31 (32.6) | 0.02 |
| Pubertal (Tanner stage 2 to 5) | 202 (53.6) | 64 (67.4) | |
| Laboratory measures | |||
| Triglycerides | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.1) | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.8) | 0.00 |
| Hypertriglyceridaemia | 12 (3.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0.48 |
| Total cholesterol | 4.1 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.7) | 0.00 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 56 (14.6) | 3 (3.2) | 0.00 |
| LDL | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.6) | 0.02 |
| HDL | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7) | 1.40 (1.2 to 1.7) | 0.28 |
| HOMA | 2.0 (1.3 to 3.0) | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.6) | 0.97 |
| Log HOMA | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.46 |
| Viral load (copies/mL) | |||
| <50 | 302 (79.0) | ‐ | ‐ |
| 50 to 1000 | 37 (9.7) | ‐ | ‐ |
| >1000 | 44 (11.3) | ‐ | ‐ |
| CD4 count (cells/mm³) | |||
| <200 | 8 (2.1) | ‐ | ‐ |
| 200 to 499 | 54 (14.1) | ‐ | ‐ |
| ≥500 | 320 (83.8) | ‐ | ‐ |
| WHO HIV staging | |||
| Stage I | 28 (7.7) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Stage II | 38 (10.4) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Stage III | 217 (59.4) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Stage IV | 82 (22.5) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Age at initiation of ART (years) | |||
| Median age | 4.2 (1.7 to 7.6) | ‐ | ‐ |
| 0 to 2 | 151 (40.1) | ‐ | ‐ |
| 3 to 5 | 95 (25.3) | ‐ | ‐ |
| 6 to 14 | 136 (34.6) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Current ART regimen | |||
| 2 × NRTI + NNRTI | 225 (60.0) | ‐ | ‐ |
| 2 × NRTI + PI | 144 (38.0) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Other | 8 (2.1) | ‐ | ‐ |
All continuous variables expressed as median (interquartile range) or mean (SD) and categorical variables as number (%). ART, antiretroviral treatment; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA, Homeostatic Model Assessment; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; NNRTI, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; WHO, World Health Organization.
a
Total number may vary according to missing data for each variable.