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. 2019 Aug 16;10:1954. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01954

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Copyright © 2019 Schlundt, Reinke, Geissler, Bucher, Giannini, Märdian, Dahne, Kleber, Samans, Baron, Duda, Volk and Schmidt-Bleek.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Interdependency of the immune status and the healing outcome after bone fracture. The ratio of CD8+ effector T cells (CD8+ T_EFF) to CD4+ regulatory T cells (CD4+ T_Reg) affects the healing outcome after bone fracture. Under normal healing conditions, the T cell ratio is balanced. An elevated amount of CD8+ T_EFF relative to CD4+ T_Reg is unfavorable for successful healing. A shifted balance in the CD4+ T_Regsb direction improves bone fracture healing.