Table 2. Mean (Unadjusted) Costs per Person per Year by Time and Cost Categorya.
| Cost Category | Study Randomization Group, Mean (95% CI), 2016 Can$ | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TAU (n = 483) | HF (n = 677) | Difference (HF − TAU) | |
| Shelters | |||
| Baseline | 9595 (8680 to 10 434) | 8915 (8204 to 9650) | −679 (−1876 to 425) |
| First year | 5476 (4803 to 6184) | 2244 (1940 to 2535) | −3233 (−4037 to −2537) |
| Second year | 2879 (2348 to 3479) | 857 (626 to 1084) | −2022 (−2625 to −1404) |
| Mean of first and second years | 4177 (3684 to 4773) | 1550 (1320 to 1762) | −2627 (−3232 to −2079) |
| Substance use treatment | |||
| Baseline | 3553 (2580 to 4750) | 3320 (2358 to 4335) | −233 (−1692 to 1264) |
| First year | 2400 (1724 to 3149) | 986 (733 to 1279) | −1414 (−2190 to −697) |
| Second year | 1666 (1130 to 2123) | 785 (561 to 1074) | −881 (−1377 to −304) |
| Mean of first and second years | 2033 (1580 to 2521) | 886 (687 to 1105) | −1148 (−1658 to −638) |
| Supportive housingb | |||
| Baseline | 2476 (1805 to 3195) | 3461 (2823 to 4279) | 985 (0 to 2073) |
| First year | 3353 (2727 to 4097) | 1517 (1263 to 1812) | −1835 (−2550 to −1137) |
| Second year | 2938 (2243 to 3656) | 1052 (706 to 1476) | −1886 (−2691 to −1081) |
| Mean of first and second years | 3145 (2549 to 3769) | 1285 (1036 to 1573) | −1861 (−2540 to −1222) |
| Ambulatory visits | |||
| Baseline | 14 920 (12 580 to 17 358) | 11 629 (10 146 to 13 586) | −3291 (−6026 to −450) |
| First year | 7572 (6520 to 8663) | 4545 (3904 to 5219) | −3028 (−4237 to −1653) |
| Second year | 5708 (4833 to 6661) | 3986 (3423 to 4709) | −1722 (−2802 to −587) |
| Mean of first and second years | 6640 (5987 to 7435) | 4266 (3809 to 4755) | −2375 (−3226 to −1523) |
| ED visits | |||
| Baseline | 2207 (1870 to 2590) | 2092 (1789 to 2444) | −115 (−611 to 377) |
| First year | 1862 (1500 to 2261) | 1239 (1077 to 1418) | −623 (−1055 to −237) |
| Second year | 1279 (1033 to 1572) | 981 (856 to 1105) | −299 (−641 to −22) |
| Mean of first and second years | 1571 (1325 to 1876) | 1110 (995 to 1238) | −461 (−775 to −186) |
| Hospitalizations (physical) | |||
| Baseline | 1621 (624 to 2990) | 1567 (612 to 2864) | −54 (−1649 to 1688) |
| First year | 2493 (1533 to 3669) | 2025 (1226 to 2943) | −468 (−1906 to 975) |
| Second year | 2786 (1443 to 5106) | 2421 (1456 to 3546) | −365 (−2840 to 1376) |
| Mean of first and second years | 2640 (1722 to 4005) | 2223 (1586 to 2939) | −417 (−2060 to 799) |
| Hospitalizations (psychiatric) | |||
| Baseline | 4285 (2153 to 6554) | 4507 (2660 to 6516) | 222 (−2776 to 3450) |
| First year | 3392 (1876 to 5328) | 3670 (2442 to 5334) | 278 (−2185 to 2579) |
| Second year | 1644 (975 to 2578) | 4414 (2714 to 6443) | 2770 (904 to 4890) |
| Mean of first and second years | 2518 (1600 to 3550) | 4042 (2832 to 5700) | 1524 (−80 to 3404) |
| Other (eg, helplines, day centers) | |||
| Baseline | 3304 (2933 to 3761) | 2986 (2669 to 3311) | −317 (−902 to 200) |
| First year | 1638 (1442 to 1853) | 1117 (980 to 1251) | −521 (−786 to −290) |
| Second year | 1195 (1048 to 1348) | 902 (784 to 1003) | −293 (−512 to −109) |
| Mean of first and second years | 1417 (1276 to 1574) | 1009 (896 to 1114) | −407 (−616 to −231) |
| Police contacts and court appearances | |||
| Baseline | 9222 (7571 to 11 062) | 7987 (6634 to 9395) | −1235 (−3310 to 996) |
| First year | 6925 (5300 to 8784) | 6572 (5529 to 7720) | −352 (−2474 to 1733) |
| Second year | 5871 (4600 to 7210) | 4996 (4178 to 5994) | −875 (−2496 to 679) |
| Mean of first and second years | 6398 (5149 to 7782) | 5784 (4955 to 6627) | −613 (−2247 to 977) |
| Incarcerations | |||
| Baseline | 2084 (1210 to 3108) | 2365 (1556 to 3452) | 281 (−940 to 1529) |
| First year | 1675 (1076 to 2334) | 2820 (2125 to 3672) | 1146 (210 to 2159) |
| Second year | 3064 (2063 to 4192) | 3963 (2980 to 5266) | 899 (−544 to 2444) |
| Mean of first and second years | 2369 (1666 to 3131) | 3392 (2642 to 4284) | 1022 (−66 to 2198) |
| Welfare and disability benefits | |||
| Baseline | 2758 (2588 to 2911) | 2869 (2761 to 2991) | 111 (−94 to 322) |
| First year | 8641 (8233 to 9060) | 9154 (8861 to 9489) | 512 (−14 to 1053) |
| Second year | 9480 (9049 to 9956) | 9574 (9298 to 9863) | 94 (−449 to 619) |
| Mean of first and second years | 9061 (8679 to 9507) | 9364 (9095 to 9661) | 303 (−175 to 823) |
| Income earned | |||
| Baseline | 343 (243 to 454) | 146 (83 to 227) | −197 (−329 to −70) |
| First year | 1129 (854 to 1399) | 517 (395 to 669) | −611 (−905 to −330) |
| Second year | 1111 (868 to 1375) | 863 (671 to 1062) | −248 (−579 to 75) |
| Mean of first and second years | 1120 (906 to 1360) | 690 (553 to 835) | −430 (−696 to −141) |
| Total (excluding intervention cost) | |||
| Baseline | 53 015 (48 870 to 56 809) | 49 062 (45 971 to 52 654) | −3954 (−8843 to 1479) |
| First year | 44 299 (41 018 to 47 592) | 35 372 (33 159 to 37 857) | −8927 (−13 373 to −4895) |
| Second year | 37 398 (34 445 to 40 598) | 33 068 (30 612 to 36 188) | −4330 (−8157 to 53) |
| Mean of first and second years | 40 849 (38 374 to 43 538) | 34 220 (32 175 to 36 695) | −6629 (−10 199 to −2969) |
| Total (including intervention cost) | |||
| First year | 44 299 (41 018 to 47 592) | 50 554 (47 801 to 53 221) | 6255 (1617 to 10 425) |
| Second year | 37 398 (34 445 to 40 598) | 46 879 (44 243 to 50 135) | 9480 (5772 to 13 888) |
| Mean of first and second years | 40 849 (38 374 to 43 538) | 48 716 (46 593 to 51 072) | 7868 (4409 to 11 405) |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; HF, Housing First; TAU, treatment as usual.
a
Twenty-seven elements (1 per month and 3 before the baseline interview) were included for days of stable housing. Missing rates (addressed using multiple imputation) were 14.8% for the TAU group and 9.4% for the HF group. For costs, 279 elements were included; missing rates were 13.0% and 9.2%, respectively.
b
This category includes rooms in buildings with on-site support staff and, notably for Toronto, subsidized rooms in buildings without on-site support staff.