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. 2019 Aug 16;10:1957. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01957

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Copyright © 2019 McFarlane, Mokgethi, Kaye, Hurdayal, Brombacher, Alexander and Carter.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Representative photomicrographs of the hepatic granuloma response at days 30 and 56 in L. donovani infected wild-type (IL-4Rα^−/lox) (A,D), CD4⁺ T cell specific IL-4Rα^−/lox (Lck^creIL-4Rα^−/lox) (B,E) and global IL-4Rα^−/− mice (C,F). Mature granulomas (arrows) in IL-4Rα^−/lox mice and Lck^creIL-4Rα^−/lox mice are shown in day 30 whilst global IL-4Rα^−/− mice show abrogated granuloma development characterized by immature granulomas and amastigotes within the cytoplasm of infected Kupffer cells (arrows). At day 56 post-infection, IL-4Rα^−/lox mice and Lck^creIL-4Rα^−/lox mice show sterile granulomas (arrows) whilst heavily parasitized immature granulomas remain in the livers of global IL-4Rα^−/− mice (arrows). Magnification 400×.