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. 2019 Aug 16;10:1047. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01047

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Copyright © 2019 Oliveira, Uriarte, Falcones, Jorba, Zin, Farré, Navajas and Almendros.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Nanoparticles characterization, internalization and cell viability. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of: (A,B) Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ aggregates, respectively; (C,D) A549 cell ultrastructure after 24 h-exposure to 10 μg/mL of Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ NPs, respectively. Note the presence of NPs aggregates trapped in vesicles (C) and also spread in the cytoplasm (D). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release expressed as percentage of cytotoxicity after 24 h-exposure to 10, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL of Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ NPs or culture medium (CTRL) in A549 (E). E, endosome; M, mitochondria; N, nucleus; R, rough endoplasmic reticulum. Data are presented as mean ± SE, n = 3.