Figure 5.

Relative expression levels of the chitin synthase 1 gene (CHS1) in F₀ adults and in all developmental stages along with newly emerged adult melon aphid of F₁ generation descending from the parent (F₀) exposed to the LC₁₅ and LC₃₀ concentrations of buprofezin for 72 h. The relative expression level is expressed as the mean (±SE) with the control as the calibrator. Different letters above the error bars indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 level (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD tests).