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. 2019 Aug 23;9:12294. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48749-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytokine secretion from bone-marrow derived monocytes (BMDM). BMDM generated from chow and high sugar fed mice were incubated ± lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. BMDM from high sugar fed mice had increased basal secretion of IL-12p70 (A) and TNFα (C). BMDM generated from both chow and high-sugar fed mice responded to LPS with increased secretion of IL-1β (B), TNFα (C), and IL-10 (E). ΔTNFα secretion in response to LPS stimulation was higher in BMDM from high sugar fed mice compared with ΔTNFα secretion in BMDM from chow fed mice. (D). There was no difference in ΔIL-10 secretion to LPS stimulation between the two groups. Data is shown as mean ± SEM. Chow: n = 4; HS: n = 4. **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.