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. 2019 Jun;23(Suppl 2):S162–S164. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23196

Table 1.

Risk Factors for POCD

Preoperative factors Intraoperative factors Postoperative factors

  • Age >70 years

  • Severe bleeding (>1000 mL)

  • Severe pain

  • Orthopedic, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and cardiac thoracic surgery

  • Intraoperative tight glucose control

  • Benzodiazepine and anticholinergic drugs

  • History of alcohol or illicit drug abuse

  • Bispectral index (too low and too high)

  • Delayed ambulation

  • Electrolyte abnormalities

  • Intraoperative hypotension and hypocapnia

  • Malnutrition

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD)