Table 3.

Longitudinal and multivariate Poisson and negative binomial regression analyses of Time 1 factors predicting Time 2 GAD severity and binary GAD diagnosis using distinct facets of executive function predicting for GAD in separate models (n = 2605)

	Time 2 GAD Severity					Time 2 GAD Diagnosis
			95% CI					95% CI
Time 1 Predictors	β	IRR	Lower	Upper	p	β	OR	Lower	Upper	p
Primary Analyses with Executive Function Facets as Predictors
Verbal WM – Digit backwards	−0.08	0.93	0.70	1.22	0.592	−0.07	0.93	0.70	1.23	0.603
WM Updating – General switch costsa
Absolute	1.70	5.44	1.37	21.70	0.016	1.80	6.05	1.27	28.78	0.024
Relative	1.71	5.54	1.71	18.02	0.004	1.84	6.31	1.60	24.90	0.009
Inhibition – Stop and Go Switch Task Single-Task Trials
Reverse condition (# correct)	−0.20	0.82	0.69	0.97	0.022	−0.21	0.81	0.67	0.98	0.031
Latency	−0.89	0.41	0.02	10.26	0.587	−0.86	0.42	0.02	11.29	0.608
Set-Shifting – Stop and Go Switch Task Mixed-Task Repeat Trials
Reverse condition (# correct)	0.05	1.06	0.67	1.67	0.819	0.05	1.05	0.66	1.65	0.847
Latency	1.57	4.82	1.27	18.30	0.021	1.49	4.42	1.06	18.44	0.042
Set-Shifting – Stop and Go Switch Task Mixed-Task Switch Trials
Reverse condition (# correct)	−0.15	0.87	0.37	2.01	0.735	−0.14	0.87	0.37	2.05	0.746
Latency	−0.57	0.57	0.19	1.68	0.303	−0.54	0.59	0.19	1.77	0.343
Set-Shifting – Local switch costsa
Absolute	−0.17	0.84	0.13	5.52	0.859	−0.14	0.87	0.13	5.77	0.882
Relative	−0.24	0.79	0.11	5.77	0.817	−0.22	0.80	0.11	6.06	0.83
Secondary Analyses of Non-EF Cognition Facets as Predictors
Inductive Reasoning –Number series (# correct)	−0.34	0.71	0.52	0.98	0.036	−0.34	0.71	0.51	0.99	0.041
Verbal Fluency – Category fluency	0.003	1.00	0.93	1.08	0.928	0.003	1.00	0.93	1.08	0.942
Processing Speed – 30-Seconds And Counting Task (# correct)	−0.03	0.97	0.93	1.01	0.186	−0.03	0.97	0.93	1.02	0.203
Episodic Memory – Word list delayed	0.07	1.07	0.91	1.27	0.400	0.07	1.07	0.90	1.27	0.421
Episodic Memory – Word list immediate	0.001	1.00	0.83	1.21	0.994	−0.002	1.00	0.82	1.21	0.987
Stop and Go Switch Task Accuracy (# correct) on the Normal conditions
Single-Task Trials	−0.07	0.93	0.69	1.25	0.626	−0.07	0.93	0.68	1.27	0.654
Mixed-Task Repeat Trials	−0.16	0.85	0.66	1.09	0.203	−0.16	0.85	0.66	1.10	0.224
Mixed-Task Switch Trials	−0.13	0.88	0.26	2.93	0.835	−0.13	0.88	0.26	3.01	0.838

ms, milliseconds; 30-SACT, 30 s and counting task.

Note: Latency is measured as Score Difference on the trials (Reverse – Normal) [in milliseconds (ms)]; Each cognitive construct predicting for GAD severity or diagnosis were run in separate models. The following covariates were entered simultaneously into each model: age, gender, education level, generalized anxiety disorder severity, major depressive disorder severity, panic disorder severity, hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus medication use, exercise status, body mass index, and sense of control. Text in bold denote findings which are statistically significant.

^aAbsolute costs [score difference between the simple and complex condition (A–B)] and relative costs [proportional reduction in performance from the simple to complex condition to adjust for baseline performances (i.e. (A–B)/A)] were computed. Larger switch costs indicated greater impairment.