Table 3. Association of household, child and parental characteristics with perinatal mortality in Bangladesh.

Characteristics			Unadjusted			Adjusted
			OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
	Survey year
		2004	1.00			1.00
		2007	0.86	0.72–1.03	0.100	0.86	0.72–1.03	0.105
		2011	0.78	0.66–0.92	0.003	0.86	0.72–1.02	0.088
		2014	0.65	0.55–0.77	<0.001	0.65	0.53–0.80	<0.001
Household characteristics
	Administrative division
		Barisal	0.98	0.78–1.23	0.857	1.01	0.79–1.28	0.960
		Chittagong	0.77	0.62–0.95	0.016	0.72	0.58–0.90	0.003
		Dhaka	1.00			1.00
		Khulna	1.02	0.82–1.28	0.857	0.95	0.75–1.20	0.651
		Rajshahi	1.22	1.00–1.50	0.052	1.08	0.88–1.34	0.450
		Rangpur	0.91	0.69–1.19	0.484	0.95	0.71–1.27	0.730
		Sylhet	1.35	1.11–1.64	0.003	1.15	0.94–1.42	0.182
	Place of residence
		Rural	1.10	0.96–1.25	0.170	0.97	0.83–1.13	0.683
		Urban	1.00			1.00
	Household wealth quintile
		Poorest	1.37	1.14–1.64	0.001	1.07	0.81–1.40	0.639
		Poorer	1.50	1.25–1.80	<0.001	1.19	0.92–1.53	0.187
		Middle	1.40	1.16–1.69	<0.001	1.17	0.92–1.49	0.201
		Richer	1.17	0.97–1.42	0.105	1.06	0.85–1.32	0.607
		Richest	1.00			1.00
	Type of cooking fuel
		Non-solid	1.00			1.00
		Solid	1.48	1.20–1.82	<0.001	1.30	1.00–1.70	0.051
	Source of drinking water
		Unimproved	1.00			1.00
		Improved	0.79	0.59–1.06	0.110	0.94	0.69–1.26	0.664
	Type of toilet facility
		Unimproved	1.00			1.00
		Improved	0.83	0.74–0.93	0.001	0.97	0.85–1.11	0.657
Child characteristics
	Gender		1.00			1.00
		Male	1.10	0.98–1.22	0.094	1.11	1.00–1.24	0.059
		Female
Maternal characteristics
	Age at child's birth (years)
		<20	1.17	0.71–1.93	0.544	Not taken in the final model
		20–29	0.93	0.56–1.53	0.772
		30–39	0.86	0.52–1.45	0.581
		≥40	1.00
	Level of education
		No education	1.00			1.00
		Primary incomplete	0.95	0.81–1.11	0.525	0.99	0.83–1.17	0.865
		Primary complete1	1.05	0.87–1.26	0.629	1.09	0.88–1.33	0.438
		Secondary incomplete	0.85	0.73–0.98	0.026	0.91	0.75–1.10	0.326
		Secondary complete or higher2	0.67	0.55–0.83	<0.001	0.81	0.61–1.08	0.154
	Occupation
		Homemaker	1.00			1.00
		Employed	1.09	0.95–1.25	0.219	1.19	1.03–1.38	0.016
	Religion
		Islam	1.09	0.89–1.34	0.395	Not taken in the final model
		Others3	1.00
	Body mass index (kg/m2)
		<18.5	0.98	0.87–1.11	0.804	0.88	0.78–1.00	0.058
		18.5–24.9	1.00			1.00
		25–29.9	0.87	0.72–1.06	0.172	1.20	0.97–1.48	0.090
		≥30	1.09	0.74–1.60	0.660	1.57	1.04–2.37	0.032
	Exposure to media4
	No		1.00			1.00
	Yes		0.92	0.82–1.04	0.173	1.02	0.89–1.17	0.739
	Birth order and birth interval
	First birth		1.00			1.00
	2nd birth, <2 years interval		0.86	0.65–1.13	0.269	0.53	0.40–0.70	<0.001
	3rd/later birth, <2 years interval		0.69	0.54–0.88	0.003	0.25	0.19–0.33	<0.001
	2nd birth, ≥2 years interval		0.52	0.45–0.61	<0.001	0.49	0.42–0.57	<0.001
	3rd/later birth, ≥2 years interval		0.57	0.50–0.65	<0.001	0.35	0.30–0.41	<0.001
	Previously pregnancies miscarried or aborted
		No	1.00			1.00
		Yes	1.96	1.67–2.30	<0.001	2.06	1.74–2.43	<0.001
	Previous death of any child
		No	1.00			1.00
		Yes	4.06	3.48–4.74	<0.001	4.36	3.61–5.26	<0.001
	Number of children in last five years
		1	1.00			1.00
		2	1.67	1.49–1.88	<0.001	1.71	1.50–1.95	<0.001
		3+	3.72	3.06–4.53	<0.001	2.83	2.23–3.61	<0.001
	Number of antenatal care visits
		<4	1.00			1.00
		4+	0.79	0.68–0.93	0.003	1.01	0.85–1.21	0.890
	Place and mode of delivery
		Home	1.00			1.00
		Health facilities without C-section	1.03	0.89–1.19	0.670	1.29	1.09–1.53	0.004
		Health facilities with C-section	1.18	0.99–1.40	0.059	1.55	1.26–1.90	<0.001
	Type of delivery
		Single birth	1.00			1.00
		Twin	4.16	3.25–5.33	<0.001	1.97	1.48–2.63	<0.001
	Access to participation in decision-making5
		No	1.00			1.00
		Yes	0.80	0.71–0.90	<0.001	0.89	0.78–1.00	0.056
Paternal characteristics
	Level of education
		No education	1.00			1.00
		Primary incomplete	0.91	0.78–1.07	0.253	0.92	0.78–1.09	0.324
		Primary complete1	0.85	0.70–1.02	0.074	0.85	0.70–1.04	0.122
		Secondary incomplete	0.80	0.69–0.93	0.004	0.84	0.70–1.00	0.054
		Secondary complete or higher2	0.60	0.50–0.72	<0.001	0.69	0.54–0.89	0.004
	Occupation
		Agriculture	1.00			1.00
		White-collar6	0.57	0.41–0.79	0.001	0.78	0.54–1.14	0.197
		Blue-collar7	0.94	0.82–1.07	0.338	0.98	0.85–1.13	0.806
		Pink-collar8	0.71	0.60–0.84	<0.001	0.79	0.66–0.95	0.011
		Others9	0.53	0.34–0.82	0.004	0.54	0.35–0.85	0.007

¹Primary complete is defined as completing grade 5

²Secondary complete is defined as completing grade 10

³Others = Hindu, Christian, Buddhist, etcetera

⁴Exposure to media = Watches TV/listens to radio/reads newspaper in the previous week

⁵Access to participation in decision-making = having access to take decision alone or jointly with husband on all of the four components: own health care, major household purchases, child health care, and visits to her family or relatives

⁶Doctor, lawyer, dentist, accountant, teacher, nurse, family welfare visitor

⁷Non-agricultural worker, carpenter, mason, bus/taxi driver, construction supervisor, tailor, rickshaw driver, brick breaking, road building, construction worker, boatman, fisherman, poultry raising, cattle raising

⁸Businessman/trader

⁹Unemployed/student, retired, beggar, etcetera.