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The possible mechanisms of low-CPA vitrification developed in this study. A) The fabrication of alginate hydrogel slices. B) Morphological observations of ice formation in either CPA #1 and CPA #2 or in the alginate hydrogel slice without any CPA during cooling and warming. C) A schematic illustration on how alginate hydrogel microencapsulation and MIH might enhance low-CPA vitrification of cells and constructs.
