Figure 6. Hypothetical mechanism of compensation by a marR compensatory mutation.

The mar regulon participates in controlling several genes involved in resistance to antibiotics including the AcrA/AcrB/TolC multidrug efflux system (panel A). MarR is a transcriptional regulatory protein that controls the activity of the mar system in wild-type E. coli through the repression of marA. In response to antibiotic stresses (e.g. doxycycline or ciprofloxacin), marR is mutated (indicated by a red star), leading to increased expression of marA and, subsequently, other members of the mar regulon (Praski Alzrigat et al., 2017). However, the elevated activity of the mar regulon is harmful in antibiotic-free conditions, promoting the accumulation of further mutations. Our study indicates that this can be achieved by a compensatory mutation in the promoter region of the mar operon (indicated by a yellow star). The compensatory mutation putatively restores the activity of the mar regulon to the wild-type level (panel B). Source file is available as Supplementary file 1.