Table 3. Key study outcomes.
| Author (year) | Intervention and comparator | Incremental health benefits (per patient) | Incremental costs (per patient) (2016 US$) | Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (2016 US$/QALY) | Probability of cost-effectiveness (2016 US$/QALY) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haddock et al. (2003) (38) | Cognitive-behavioural therapy combined with motivational intervention plus routine care vs routine care alone | 9.91 improvement on GAF | -$2,452 | Dominant | 69% (any amount for an extra point on GAF) |
| Lam et al. (2005) (39) | Cognitive therapy plus standard care vs standard care | 110 fewer Bipolar episode days | -$2,530 | Dominant | 80% ($18 per day free from a bipolar episode) |
| Barton et al. (2009) (40) | Social recovery orientated cognitive-behavioural therapy vs case management | 0.035 QALYs gained | $1,171 | $33,007 per QALY | 54% ($35,031 per QALY threshold) |
| McCrone et al. (2010) (41) | Assertive outreach vs standard care | 6.0 improvement on MANSA 12% more with a vocational recovery |
-$4,429 | Dominant | 76% (not willing to pay anything for a MANSA improvement) |
| Patel et al. (2010) (42) | Cognitive remediation therapy vs standard care | 1.33 improvement on WAIS-III | -$241 | Dominant | 80% (anything for an improvement) |
| van der Gaag et al. (2011) (43) | Cognitive behavioural therapy vs standard care | 77 additional days of normal functioning | $4,972 | $66 per day with normal functioning | 70% ($118 for an additional day of normal functioning) |
| Crawford et al. (2012) (44) | Group art therapy plus standard care vs standard care | 0.043 QALYs gained 1.2 improvement on GAF |
-$2,072 | $48,136 per QALY $1,732 per unit change in GAF score |
50% (flat CEAC – between 0 and $17,128 willingness to pay per QALY) |
| Karow et al. (2012) (45) | Assertive community treatment and integrated care vs standard care | 0.1 QALYs gained | -$3,502 | Dominant | 99.5% ($69,990 per QALY) |
| Hastrup et al. (2013) (46) | Early interventions for first-episode psychosis vs standard care | 1.19 improvement on GAF | -$35,864 | Dominant | 80% ($69,737 per point increase in the GAF) |
| Priebe et al. (2016) (47) | Body psychotherapy vs pilates class | 0.001 QALY gain 0.21 PANSS negative score reduction |
-$37 | Dominant | 65% ($29,785 per QALY) |
| Rosenheck et al. (2016) (48) | An integrated, multidisciplinary, team-based treatment approach vs standard care | 0.25 improvement on the QLS | $3,804 | $15,216 per QLS point improvement $87,562 per QALY |
94% ($40,000 per QLS-SD) 90-95% ($210,000 per QALY) |
| Camacho et al. (2017) (49)a | Group psychoeducation vs group peer support | 0.023 QALYs 0.131 years relapse free 0.102 number of relapses avoided |
$1,635 | $71,096 per QALY $12,483 per relapse free year $16,032 per relapse avoided (during follow-up) |
35% ($44,678 per QALY) 99% ($44,678 per relapse free year) 99% ($44,678 per relapse avoided) |
Key: CEA, cost-effectiveness analysis; CUA, cost-utility analysis; GAF, global assessment of functioning; MANSA, Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life; NR, not reported; PANSS, positive and negative symptom scale; QLS, quality of life scale; SD, standard deviation; SFS, social functioning scale; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III working memory.
Note: a For the study by Camacho et al. 2017 the trial results are presented here as they reflect the primary analysis.