Table 2.
Cross-Level Relationships of HAR Stigma to HSBs and HIV Outcomes
| HSBs | Household HIV Ratio | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 1b | Model 2a | Model 2b | Model 3 a | Model 3b | Model 4a | Model 4b | |
| b | b | b | b | b | b | b | b | |
| CG Stigmatizing Attitudes | 0.229*** | 0.262*** | −0.000 | 0.004 | ||||
| Cluster-level Stigmatizing Attitudes (m) | 0.162 | 0.002 | ||||||
| Cluster-level Stigmatizing Attitudes (sd) | 0.003 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Comm-level Stigmatizing Attitudes (m) | 0.846† | −0.035 | ||||||
| Comm-level Stigmatizing Attitudes (sd) | −0.970† | 0.028 | ||||||
| CG Perception of Community Stigma | −0.032 | 0.020 | 0.053*** | 0.052 *** | ||||
| Cluster-level Per. of Comm. Stigma (m) | −0.744 | −0.143* | ||||||
| Cluster-level Per. of Comm. Stigma (sd) | 0.955 ** | 0.093* | ||||||
| Comm-level Per. of Comm. Stigma (m) | −0.041 | −0.035 | ||||||
| Comm-level Per. of Comm. Stigma (sd) | 0.463 | −0.035 | ||||||
| Level 1 (Household Level) | ||||||||
| Household Other Illness | 0.794 *** | 0.754*** | 0.832 *** | 0.769 *** | −0.048 * | −0.046* | −0.042† | −0.039 † |
| HH Ratio Aged 15–49 | 0.036 | 0.008 | 0.038 | 0.040 | 0.035 † | 0.029 | 0.031 | 0.027 |
| HH Ratio of Adult Females | 0.071 | 0.038 | 0.101 | 0.081 | 0.050 *** | 0.052*** | 0.046** | 0.047 *** |
| HH Access to Transportation | 0.017 | 0.015 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| CG Subjective SES | −0.332 *** | −0.332*** | −0.312 *** | −0.311 *** | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.001 | −0.002 |
| CG Perception of Comm. Safety | −0.054 † | −0.052† | −0.081 ** | −0.084 ** | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.001 |
| PR Perception of Community Cohesion | −0.004 | −0.001 | −0.002 | −0.005 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| HH Church Membership Importance | 0.041 ** | 0.042** | 0.040 ** | 0.041 ** | −0.003 | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.002 |
| HH Ratio of Employed Adults | −0.051 | −0.043 | −0.001 | 0.014 | −0.018 | −0.016 | −0.013 | −0.010 |
| HH Ratio of Highly Educated Adults | 0.092 | 0.067 | 0.069 | 0.032 | −0.053*** | −0.054*** | −0.050*** | −0.052 *** |
| Household HIV-Related Death | 0.111 | 0.092 | 0.150 | 0.153 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.018 |
| HH Asset Index | −0.011 | −0.005 | −0.010 | −0.004 | −0.012*** | −0.011*** | −0.013*** | −0.012 *** |
| Level 3 (Community Level) | ||||||||
| Community-Level HIV Ratio | 2.621 † | 2.665† | 1.886 | 1.854 | 0.835*** | 0.863*** | 0.867*** | 0.881 *** |
| Urban Community (rural reference) | −0.135 | −0.133† | −0.095 | −0.106 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| High Matriculation Community | 0.070 | 0.073 | 0.080 | 0.070 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Individual-level Variance | 0.927 | 0.924 | 0.934 | 0.930 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.015 |
| Near-neighbor cluster-level Variance | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Community-level Variance | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Note.
***
p < .001.
**
p < .01.
*
p < .05.
†
p < .10.