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Bioconvection caused by cellulose. Time-lapse images via bright-field camera 1 (Fig. 1) capture biomass dynamics in the liquid medium. By 25 h, Rayleigh-Taylor instability generates plumes of biomass that fall from the ALI to the bottom of the flask (inset). The velocity of movement is obtained by tracking trajectories of the plumes. The frequency distribution of plume velocity reveals a mean speed ± standard deviation (SD) of 983 ± 373 μm · min−1.
