FIG 2.

Role of the hfs and hfa genes in H. baltica holdfast production. (A) Representative images showing merged phase and fluorescence channels of different H. baltica WT and mutant strains with holdfasts labeled with WGA-AF488 (green): H. baltica holdfast anchor mutants (ΔhfaB and ΔhfaD), export mutants (ΔhfsA and ΔhfsD), and synthesis mutants (ΔhfsG and ΔhfsL). (B) Quantification of biofilm using crystal violet assay after 12 h for H. baltica hfs and hfa mutants. The data are expressed as averages from 5 independent replicates, and the error bars represent the standard errors.