Table 1.

Diagnostic accuracy measures in non-contrast-enhanced MRI techniques and contrast-enhanced techniques in cerebrovascular disease

Clinical question	Diagnostic performance non-CE	Diagnostic performance CE gold standard or DSA gold standard	Author (year)
Detect cerebral venous thrombosis	AUC 0.89 (± 0.03 SD) 2D-TOF MR venography	AUC 0.99 CE T1 3D MP-RAGE	Liang et al. (2001)
Detect cerebral venous thrombosis	80% sensitivity, 65% specificity	CE MRV reference standard	Bernard (2017)
Detect cerebral venous thrombosis	Accuracy 92.7% conv non-contrast-enhanced sequences	Accuracy 98.3 CE T1 3D GRE	Sari (2015)
Detect cerebral venous thrombosis	Sensitivity/specificity100%/71% 3D PC-MR venography	DSA gold standard	Ozturk et al. (2018)
Detect intracranial arteriovenous shunting in AVM	AUC 0.97 (95% CI 0.90–1.00) CBF ASL/SWI	AUC 0.93 (95% CI 0.87–0.97) conv MRI including CE T1 and CE MRA, DSA reference standard	Hodel et al. (2017)
Nidus localization in AVM	Sensitivity 100% CBF ASL	DSA gold standard	Blauwblomme et al. (2015)
Evaluation of AVM obliteration	AUC 0.94 CBF ASL	DSA gold standard	Kodera et al. (2017)
Detect arteriovenous shunting and venous drainage in children with AVM	Sensitivity 100% CBF ASL	DSA gold standard	Nabavizadeh et al. (2014)
Identify fistula site and venous drainage in AV fistula	Kappa 1.00 four-dimensional MR angiography ASL	DSA gold standard	Iryo et al. (2014)
Detect and localize AV fistula	Sensitivity 91% (95% CI 69–98) CBF ASL	DSA gold standard	Amukotuwa et al. (2016)
Characterize dural AV fistula: define shunt location/feeding artery/draining vein/Cognard classification	Kappa interreader agreement 1.00/0.92/1.00/1.00 flow-tracking cartography	DSA gold standard	Edjlali et al. (2014)
Detect intracranial aneurysms	AUC 0.91 TOF MRA	AUC 0.91 CT angiography/DSA gold standard	Hiratsuka et al. (2008)
Moyamoya Suzuji stage	Accuracy > 86 (0.86–1 range) ASL-4D MRA	DSA gold standard	Uchino et al. (2015)
Predictor of 24-h DWI lesion in non-reperfused ischemic stroke	AUC 0.76 (95% CI 0.63–0.85) CBF ASL	AUC 0.79 (95% CI 73–84) Tmax DSC	Bivard et al. (2014)
Detect arterial occlusion in stroke	Accuracy TOF MRA 0.89	Accuracy CE MRA 0.99	Dhundass et al. (2019)

ASL arterial spin labeling, AUC area under curve, AV arteriovenous, AVM arteriovenous malformation, CBF cerebral blood flow, CE contrast-enhanced, conv conventional, CT computed tomography, DSA digital subtraction angiography, DSC dynamic susceptibility weighted, DWI diffusion-weighted imaging, MRA magnetic resonance angiography, MRV magnetic resonance venography, PC phase contrast, SWI susceptibility weighted imaging, TOF time of flight