Table 2.

Diagnostic accuracy measures in non-contrast-enhanced MRI techniques and contrast-enhanced techniques in multiple sclerosis

Clinical question	Diagnostic performance non-CE	Diagnostic performance CE gold standard	Author (year)
Predict contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis	AUC 0.83 (95% CI 0.80–0.87) non-enhanced conv MRI and logistic regression model fitting	CE T1 reference standard	Shinohara et al. (2012)
Predict contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis	AUC 0.72 T2 burden of disease	CE T1 reference standard	Barkhof et al. (2005)
Predict contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis	AUC 0.93 (95% CI 0.87–0.99) T2W, SDC, QSM	CE T1 reference standard	Gupta et al. (2018)
Predict contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis	T2-weighted texture parameters 86% sensitivity, 84% specificity	CE T1 reference standard	Michoux et al. (2015)

AUC area under curve, CE contrast-enhanced, conv conventional, GBCA gadolinium-based contrast agent, SDC statistical detection of change, QSM quantitative susceptibility mapping