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. 2019 Aug 23;17(7):347–354. doi: 10.1089/met.2019.0006

Table 4.

How SNAP Usage Modified Measurements and Outcomes Based on Food Securitya

  Overall Food secure Food insecure
Nonusage Used SNAP SNAP vs. on-usage Nonusage Used SNAP SNAP vs. on-usage Nonusage Used SNAP SNAP vs. nonusage
n = 1259 n = 626 n = 1005 n = 341 n = 254 n = 285
% (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI)
66.79 (60.78–72.80) 33.21 (28.01–38.41) 77.42 (73.75–81.09) 22.58 (18.91–26.25) 42.90 (35.68–50.12) 57.10 (49.88–64.32)
Clinical outcomes % (95% CI) % (95% CI) aOR (95%CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) aOR (95%CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) aOR (95%CI)
ATP-III MetS 8.85 (6.03–11.67) 10.64 (7.40–13.89) 0.95 (0.48–1.89) 8.76 (5.67–11.85) 9.17 (5.23–13.11) 0.74 (0.29–1.84) 9.39 (3.92–14.86) 12.55 (7.53–17.57) 1.55 (0.64–3.73)
Overweight 35.21 (30.86–39.55) 45.85 (38.01–53.68) 1.46 (1.07–1.46) 34.86 (30.39–39.33) 48.10 (40.63–55.57) 1.63 (1.11–2.40) 37.25 (29.84–44.67) 42.94 (33.42–52.42) 1.25 (0.68–2.30)
Obese 19.44 (15.54–23.33) 26.61 (20.86–32.36) 1.50 (1.01–2.24) 19.47 (15.46–23.48) 28.86 (22.60–35.12) 1.50 (0.97–2.33) 19.22 (11.74–26.70) 23.69 (16.22–31.17) 1.53 (0.71–3.28)
Elevated BP 8.00 (5.25–10.75) 10.32 (7.19–13.44) 1.09 (0.70–1.69) 7.40 (4.50–10.29) 9.34 (6.01–12.67) 1.25 (0.64–2.42) 11.59 (6.22–16.96) 11.58 (7.05–16.12) 0.78 (0.40–1.53)
Prediabetes/diabetes 2.68 (1.72–3.65) 6.79 (3.89–9.69) 1.72 (0.85–3.45) 1.77 (0.87–2.30) 6.85 (3.05–10.64) 5.29 (1.73–16.13) 9.20 (4.38–14.02) 6.72 (2.89–10.56) 0.63 (0.28–1.41)
Clinical measurements Mean (95% CI) Mean (95% CI) P Mean (95% CI) Mean (95% CI) P Mean (95% CI) Mean (95% CI) P
MetS z-score 0.03 (−0.01–0.06) 0.08 (−0.03–0.19) 0.16 0.01 (−0.21–0.23) 0.06 (−0.08–0.19) 0.58 −0.04 (−0.36–0.44) 0.13 (−0.06–0.31) 0.59
BMI z-score 0.62 (0.54–0.70) 0.79 (0.39–1.19) 0.15 0.59 (0.39–0.79) 0.80 (0.45–1.16) 0.03 0.69 (0.47–0.91) 0.81 (0.41–1.20) 0.52
HDL (mg/dL) 53.32 (51.01–53.64) 51.97 (48.29–55.65) 0.79 51.73 (49.06–54.39) 52.30 (47.04–57.56) 0.78 53.47 (51.40–55.53) 51.30 (48.44–54.16) 0.07
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 92.29 (90.82–93.76) 91.26 (73.35–109.17) 0.84 91.27 (76.79–105.76) 89.39 (59.57–119.18) 0.87 92.56 (58.44–126.68) 92.43 (90.10–94.75) 0.99
Glucose (mg/dL) 92.85 (90.01–94.70) 93.74 (92.02–95.46) 0.02 92.83 (90.06–95.61) 93.95 (91.05–96.85) 0.005 93.22 (92.17–94.28) 93.76 (93.15–94.38) 0.13
Insulin (μU/mL) 11.90 (11.49–12.30) 14.12 (12.61–15.63) 0.04 11.16 (8.17–14.15) 14.56 (12.70–16.42) 0.09 13.89 (5.04–22.75) 13.77 (8.20–19.35) 0.98
HbA1C (%) 5.13 (5.13–5.14) 5.24 (5.19–5.30) 0.01 5.10 (5.08–5.12) 5.23 (5.12–5.35) 0.05 5.18 (5.11–5.26) 5.25 (5.21–5.30) 0.11

Bold text refers to statistically significant differences between the groups that did and did not receive SNAP (P < 0.05).

a

Of the 2662 participants in the overall sample, only 1885 had complete SNAP data and were included in this analysis. All analyses controlled for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and household income; the overall analysis was additionally adjusted for food insecurity. All clinical outcomes and clinical measures were modeled separately.

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