Table 4.
How SNAP Usage Modified Measurements and Outcomes Based on Food Securitya
Overall | Food secure | Food insecure | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonusage | Used SNAP | SNAP vs. on-usage | Nonusage | Used SNAP | SNAP vs. on-usage | Nonusage | Used SNAP | SNAP vs. nonusage | |
n = 1259 | n = 626 | n = 1005 | n = 341 | n = 254 | n = 285 | ||||
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||||
66.79 (60.78–72.80) | 33.21 (28.01–38.41) | 77.42 (73.75–81.09) | 22.58 (18.91–26.25) | 42.90 (35.68–50.12) | 57.10 (49.88–64.32) | ||||
Clinical outcomes | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | aOR (95%CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | aOR (95%CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | aOR (95%CI) |
ATP-III MetS | 8.85 (6.03–11.67) | 10.64 (7.40–13.89) | 0.95 (0.48–1.89) | 8.76 (5.67–11.85) | 9.17 (5.23–13.11) | 0.74 (0.29–1.84) | 9.39 (3.92–14.86) | 12.55 (7.53–17.57) | 1.55 (0.64–3.73) |
Overweight | 35.21 (30.86–39.55) | 45.85 (38.01–53.68) | 1.46 (1.07–1.46) | 34.86 (30.39–39.33) | 48.10 (40.63–55.57) | 1.63 (1.11–2.40) | 37.25 (29.84–44.67) | 42.94 (33.42–52.42) | 1.25 (0.68–2.30) |
Obese | 19.44 (15.54–23.33) | 26.61 (20.86–32.36) | 1.50 (1.01–2.24) | 19.47 (15.46–23.48) | 28.86 (22.60–35.12) | 1.50 (0.97–2.33) | 19.22 (11.74–26.70) | 23.69 (16.22–31.17) | 1.53 (0.71–3.28) |
Elevated BP | 8.00 (5.25–10.75) | 10.32 (7.19–13.44) | 1.09 (0.70–1.69) | 7.40 (4.50–10.29) | 9.34 (6.01–12.67) | 1.25 (0.64–2.42) | 11.59 (6.22–16.96) | 11.58 (7.05–16.12) | 0.78 (0.40–1.53) |
Prediabetes/diabetes | 2.68 (1.72–3.65) | 6.79 (3.89–9.69) | 1.72 (0.85–3.45) | 1.77 (0.87–2.30) | 6.85 (3.05–10.64) | 5.29 (1.73–16.13) | 9.20 (4.38–14.02) | 6.72 (2.89–10.56) | 0.63 (0.28–1.41) |
Clinical measurements | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | P | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | P | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MetS z-score | 0.03 (−0.01–0.06) | 0.08 (−0.03–0.19) | 0.16 | 0.01 (−0.21–0.23) | 0.06 (−0.08–0.19) | 0.58 | −0.04 (−0.36–0.44) | 0.13 (−0.06–0.31) | 0.59 |
BMI z-score | 0.62 (0.54–0.70) | 0.79 (0.39–1.19) | 0.15 | 0.59 (0.39–0.79) | 0.80 (0.45–1.16) | 0.03 | 0.69 (0.47–0.91) | 0.81 (0.41–1.20) | 0.52 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 53.32 (51.01–53.64) | 51.97 (48.29–55.65) | 0.79 | 51.73 (49.06–54.39) | 52.30 (47.04–57.56) | 0.78 | 53.47 (51.40–55.53) | 51.30 (48.44–54.16) | 0.07 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 92.29 (90.82–93.76) | 91.26 (73.35–109.17) | 0.84 | 91.27 (76.79–105.76) | 89.39 (59.57–119.18) | 0.87 | 92.56 (58.44–126.68) | 92.43 (90.10–94.75) | 0.99 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 92.85 (90.01–94.70) | 93.74 (92.02–95.46) | 0.02 | 92.83 (90.06–95.61) | 93.95 (91.05–96.85) | 0.005 | 93.22 (92.17–94.28) | 93.76 (93.15–94.38) | 0.13 |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 11.90 (11.49–12.30) | 14.12 (12.61–15.63) | 0.04 | 11.16 (8.17–14.15) | 14.56 (12.70–16.42) | 0.09 | 13.89 (5.04–22.75) | 13.77 (8.20–19.35) | 0.98 |
HbA1C (%) | 5.13 (5.13–5.14) | 5.24 (5.19–5.30) | 0.01 | 5.10 (5.08–5.12) | 5.23 (5.12–5.35) | 0.05 | 5.18 (5.11–5.26) | 5.25 (5.21–5.30) | 0.11 |
Bold text refers to statistically significant differences between the groups that did and did not receive SNAP (P < 0.05).
Of the 2662 participants in the overall sample, only 1885 had complete SNAP data and were included in this analysis. All analyses controlled for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and household income; the overall analysis was additionally adjusted for food insecurity. All clinical outcomes and clinical measures were modeled separately.