Table 3.
Regression Results for Mechanisms (Modeling the Outcomes in Each Row)
| Panel A. Comparing Groups with Rural Hukouers in Rural Areasa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rural Residence | Urban Residence | |||
| Urban hukouers | Urban Hukouers, Urban Born | Urban Hukouers, Rural Born | Rural Hukouers | |
| Childhood Health and Experiences | ||||
| Self-rated childhood health (0-4) | −0.037 | 0.047 | 0.198*** | 0.067 |
| Not having usual source of care in childhood | −0.173 | −0.996*** | 0.128 | −0.073 |
| Experienced hunger during the Great Famine (1958-1962) | −0.104 | −0.730*** | −0.037 | −0.016 |
| Ever confined to bed in childhood | −0.044 | −0.074 | 0.005 | −0.234+ |
| Ever hospitalized for 1 month or more in childhood | 0.140 | 0.395* | 0.329+ | −0.092 |
| Healthcare Access | ||||
| Time of first health insurance (ref. before 41 years old) | ||||
| First health insurance after 41 years old | −1.465*** | −2.312*** | −1.639*** | 0.341*** |
| Never had health insurance | −0.160 | −0.932*** | −0.818*** | 0.444** |
| Time of last physical exam (ref. <=2 years ago) | ||||
| Last physical exam >2 years ago | −0.238** | −0.394*** | −0.609*** | −0.208** |
| Never had physical exam | −0.585*** | −0.676*** | −0.952*** | −0.263** |
| Inadequate hospitalization | 0.084 | 0.109 | 0.017 | 0.103 |
| Health Behaviors | ||||
| Ever smoked | −0.074 | −0.402*** | −0.396*** | −0.210** |
| Currently smoke | −0.119 | −0.378*** | −0.512*** | −0.159* |
| Ever drunk alcohol | 0.0282 | −0.003 | 0.0435 | 0.016 |
| Currently drink alcohol | −0.064 | 0.059 | 0.003 | 0.024 |
| Adopted healthier lifestyle after 41 years old | 0.407*** | 0.812*** | 0.888*** | 0.327*** |
| Family Contexts and Socioeconomic Status | ||||
| Living alone | −0.232+ | −0.388*** | −0.565*** | −0.316** |
| Annual household expenditure (logged) | 0.204*** | 0.332*** | 0.248*** | 0.063+ |
| Party membership | 0.802*** | 0.332*** | 0.985*** | 0.072 |
| Occupation (ref. agriculture) | ||||
| Government/public sector | 2.315*** | 4.630*** | 3.413*** | 1.293*** |
| Private firms | 1.458*** | 4 927*** | 3.204*** | 0.829*** |
| Self-employed | 0.631*** | 3.701*** | 2.241*** | 1.042*** |
| Other | 0.575* | 3.572*** | 1.880*** | 0.588*** |
| Panel B. Comparing Hukou Converters and Rural Hukouers in Urban Residenceb | |
|---|---|
| Urban Hukouers, Rural Born (Hukou Converters) | |
| Childhood Health and Experiences | |
| Self-rated childhood health (0-4) | 0.131+ |
| Not having usual source of care in childhood | −0.022 |
| Experienced hunger during the Great Famine (1958-1962) | 0.200 |
| Ever confined to bed in childhood | 0.239 |
| Ever hospitalized for 1 month or more in childhood | 0.422+ |
| Healthcare Access | |
| Time of first health insurance (ref. before 41 years old) | |
| First health insurance after 41 years old | −1.298*** |
| Never had health insurance | −1.262*** |
| Time of last physical exam (ref. <=2 years ago) | |
| Last physical exam >2 years ago | −0.402*** |
| Never had physical exam | −0.689*** |
| Inadequate hospitalization | −0.086 |
| Health Behaviors | |
| Ever smoked | −0.187+ |
| Currently smoke | −0.352*** |
| Ever drunk alcohol | 0.0274 |
| Currently drink alcohol | −0.021 |
| Adopted healthier lifestyle after 41 years old | 0.562*** |
| Family Contexts and Socioeconomic Status | |
| Living alone | −0.249+ |
| Annual household expenditure (logged) | 0.186*** |
| Party membership | 0.913*** |
| Occupation (ref. agriculture) | |
| Government/public sector | 2.120*** |
| Private firms | 2.375*** |
| Self-employed | 1.199*** |
| Other | 1.291*** |
a:
reference group is rural hukouers in rural areas.
b:
reference group is rural hukouers in urban areas (hukou non-converters).
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05
+
p<0.1