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. 2019 Aug 21;12:2563–2576. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S212205

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© 2019 Takahashi et al.

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Changes in pain-associated factors. Statistically significant improvement was seen in: PCS (rumination) at 3 (p=0.03) and 6 (p=0.003) months after the program; PCS (helplessness) at 3 (p=0.012) and 6 (p=0.04) months; PDAS at 6 months (p=0.04); HADS (anxiety) at 6 months (p=0.016); and PSEQ immediately after (p=0.004), at 3 months (p=0.012), and at 6 months (p=0.03). *p<0.05.

Abbreviations: BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PDAS, Pain Disability Assessment Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; EQ-5D, EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire.